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Chypre --- Cyprus --- Enseignement --- Estland --- Estonie --- Letland --- Lettonie --- Litouwen --- Lituanie --- Onderwijs --- Slovenië --- Slovénie --- Education

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Saaremaa (Estonie: Île) --- Cartes --- Early works to 1800 --- Livonia --- Cartes --- Early works to 1800

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Depuis qu’elle a recouvré son indépendance, en 1991, l’Estonie a connu une remarquable transformation économique. Fin 2000, elle avait reçu environ 2.65 milliards de dollars d’IDE en provenance des pays européens et des Etats-Unis, et investi quelque 443 millions de dollars dans les autres pays baltes. L’IDE a financé des investissements nouveaux, des fusions-acquisitions et la privatisation d’entreprises d’Etat. L’instauration de conditions propices à l’IDE et l’ouverture aux échanges sont les éléments clés de la stratégie économique de l’Estonie. L’Estonie a été incluse dans le premier cercle des pays candidats à l’entrée dans l’UE, et a adhéré à l’Organisation mondiale du commerce le 13 novembre 2001. La refonte de l’ancien régime et la privatisation sont pratiquement achevées, et les autorités s’efforcent tout particulièrement de réduire la bureaucratie et d’améliorer encore la réglementation. Il subsiste très peu de restrictions à l’encontre de l’IDE. L’Estonie doit maintenant relever le défi de la concurrence et rattraper les nations plus prospères. Le 26 juillet 2001, l’Estonie a été admise à adhérer à la Déclaration de l’OCDE sur l’investissement international et les entreprises multinationales. Cela contribuera sans aucun doute à consolider les avancées récentes de l’Estonie et à développer encore ses relations économiques avec les pays de l’OCDE et les autres adhérents à la Déclaration.

EE / Estonia - Estland - Estonie --- 339.113 --- Buitenlandse investeringen. --- Finance --- Finances --- Financiën --- Investeringen --- Investeringsmanagement --- Investing --- Investissements --- Investment management --- Investments --- Placements --- Portefeuilles --- Portfolio --- Finance and Investment --- Estonia --- Buitenlandse investeringen

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With the spotlight on Magna Carta, which is 800 years old in 2015, and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789, which together are of undeniable importance for fundamental rights-thinking, the existence of similar fundamental rights documents in other European countries is often overlooked. Such fundamental rights documents did, however, exist in the precursors to the current European Union Member States. Some of the documents are ancient, even older than Magna Carta, and some are more recent, but all of them are texts that deserve to be brought out and analysed alongside Magna Carta and the French Declaration in order to better understand the evolution of fundamental rights thinking in Europe. This volume paints a multi-faceted picture of historical fundamental rights documents in the European space by collating the experience of 24 European Union Member States at times in history when most of these states did not even exist. It is the first comprehensive and systematic evaluation of early fundamental rights thinking across Europe and it reveals surprising diversity. Spanning documents from the fifth century BC right through to the 19th century and early 20th century AD, this review opens up themes not normally found in historiographical analyses of fundamental rights.

Civil rights --- Droits civils et politiques --- History --- Sources --- Histoire --- Angleterre. Magna carta --- Influence --- Europe --- Sources. --- Civil rights - Europe - History - Sources --- Royaume-Uni --- Irlande --- Italie --- Hongrie --- Bulgarie --- Finlande --- Estonie --- Slovaquie --- Lettonie --- Belgique --- Autriche --- Espagne --- Lituanie --- Pologne --- France --- Suède --- Pays-Bas --- Portugal --- Luxembourg --- Grèce --- Danemark --- Allemagne --- République tchèque --- Roumanie --- Europe. --- Basic rights --- Civil liberties --- Constitutional rights --- Fundamental rights --- Rights, Civil --- Constitutional law --- Human rights --- Political persecution --- Law and legislation --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia

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Everybody who is arrested or questioned by the police on suspicion of involvement in a criminal activity has certain rights, such as the right to remain silent or to consult a lawyer. One of the key factors in ensuring fair proceedings is whether suspects have a sufficiently detailed knowledge of their rights. It cannot be presumed that suspects know their rights at the moment they are confronted with a criminal investigation. Especially in situations where they are deprived of their liberty during arrest or police custody, suspects might find themselves in a stressful situation unaware of their rights or without knowledge of how they can invoke them. Provision of information of rights is therefore a prerequisite to accessing them. This report presents the results of the research project ‘EU-wide Letter of Rights in Criminal Proceedings: Towards Best Practice’. In this study information has been gathered on the way suspects in the EU Member States are informed in writing of their rights in criminal proceedings. Subsequently a normative framework has been developed based on the jurisprudence of the ECtHR to establish standards and a legal basis for information that should be given to the suspect in the initial phase of police investigations. Finally a model has been developed for an EU-wide Letter of Rights to be applicable throughout the EU that can function as an inspiration for initiatives on the national level as well as on the EU level. The book provides the complete research results in its annexes and an insight into the way suspects are informed of their rights throughout the EU and is essential reading for academics, researchers, students, defence lawyers and policy-makers working in the area of criminal justice in Europe.

Law of civil procedure --- Human rights --- Criminal law. Criminal procedure --- European law --- Criminal procedure --- Due process of law --- 342.7-058.56 --- Grondwettelijke rechten en vrijheden van gevangenen --- 342.7-058.56 Grondwettelijke rechten en vrijheden van gevangenen --- Access to justice (Due process of law) --- Procedural due process --- Substantive due process --- Civil rights --- Justice, Administration of --- Criminal procedure - European Union countries --- Due process of law - European Union countries --- Autriche --- République tchèque --- Royaume-Uni --- Allemagne --- Italie --- Estonie --- Lettonie --- Luxembourg --- Pays-Bas --- Pologne --- Slovaquie --- Espagne --- Suède --- Turquie --- Etats-Unis --- Belgique --- Hongrie --- Irlande --- Portugal --- Procédure pénale --- Défense (procédure pénale) --- Etudes comparatives