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From recent data on disparities between Brazilian whites and non-whites in areas of health, education, and welfare, it is clear that vast racial inequalities do exist in Brazil, contrary to earlier assertions in race relations scholarship that the country is a "racial democracy." Here Michael George Hanchard explores the implications of this increasingly evident racial inequality, highlighting Afro-Brazilian attempts at mobilizing for civil rights and the powerful efforts of white elites to neutralize such attempts. Within a neo-Gramscian framework, Hanchard shows how racial hegemony in Brazil has hampered ethnic and racial identification among non-whites by simultaneously promoting racial discrimination and false premises of racial equality. Drawing from personal archives of and interviews with participants in the Movimento Negro of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, Hanchard presents a wealth of empirical evidence about Afro-Brazilian militants, comparing their effectiveness with their counterparts in sub-Saharan Africa, the United States, and the Caribbean in the post-World War II period. He analyzes, in comprehensive detail, the extreme difficulties experienced by Afro-Brazilian activists in identifying and redressing racially specific patterns of violation and discrimination. Hanchard argues that the Afro-American struggle to subvert dominant cultural forms and practices carries the danger of being subsumed by the contradictions that these dominant forms produce.

Blacks --- Race identity --- Brazil --- Race relations. --- Politics and government --- Negroes --- Ethnology --- Race relations --- 20th century --- Brazil - Politics and government - 20th century. --- Black persons --- Black people

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""[W]ithout a doubt one of the most important studies so far completed on literature in French grounded in the experiences of migrants of sub-Saharan African origin."" -- Alec Hargreaves, Florida State University France has always hosted a rich and vibrant black presence within its borders. But recent violent events have raised questions about France's treatment of ethnic minorities. Challenging the identity politics that have set immigrants against the mainstream, Black France explores how black

Multiculturalism --- Africans --- Blacks --- Ethnology --- Negroes --- Social conditions. --- Race identity --- France --- Ethnic relations. --- Noirs --- Africains --- Multiculturalisme --- Identité ethnique --- Conditions sociales --- Relations interethniques --- Black persons --- Black people --- Social conditions

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908 <6> --- Heemkunde. Area studies--Afrika --- 908 <6> Heemkunde. Area studies--Afrika --- African Americans --- African diaspora --- Blacks --- Negroes --- Ethnology --- Black diaspora --- Diaspora, African --- Human geography --- Africans --- Migrations --- Africa --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Civilization --- Encyclopedias --- Black persons --- Transatlantic slave trade --- Black people

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Leading experts from the disciplines of history, literature, art history and anthropology examine black African experiences and representations from slavery to black musicians and dancers, from real and symbolic Africans at court to the views of the Catholic Church, and from writers of African descent to Black African criminality. Their findings demonstrate the variety and complexity of black African life in fifteenth and sixteenth-century Europe, and how it was affected by Renaissance ideas and conditions.

Blacks --- History --- Europe --- Ethnic relations --- Migration. Refugees --- anno 1400-1499 --- anno 1500-1599 --- Africa --- Negroes --- Ethnology --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- To 1500 --- 16th century --- 15th century --- Black persons

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Blacks --- History & Archaeology --- Regions & Countries - Africa --- Negroes --- Ethnology --- Social life and customs. --- Social conditions. --- Social life and customs --- Social conditions --- Bunche, Ralph J. --- Bunche, Ralph Johnson, --- Journeys --- South Africa --- Bunche, Ralph Johnson --- Black persons --- Black people