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Exchange Ideologies documents the social world of Aleppo's traders before the destruction of the city, exploring changing conceptions of commerce in Syria. Syria's traders have been seen as embodying a timeless culture of "the bazaar," or an ahistorical Islamic culture of trade. Other accounts portray them as venal figures, motivated only by profit, and commerce as a purely instrumental pursuit. Rejecting both approaches, Paul Anderson traces the diverse social structures, and notions of language, through which Aleppo's merchants understood and construed commerce and the figure of the merchant during a period of economic liberalization in the 2000s. Rather than seeing these social structures and representations as expressions of a timeless bazaar culture, or as shaped only by Islamic tradition, Exchange Ideologies relates them to processes of politically managed economic liberalization and the Syrian regime's attempts to ensure its own survival in the midst of change. In doing so, Anderson provides an account of economic liberalization in Syria as a social and cultural process as much as a political and economic one.

E-books --- HISTORY / Middle East / Syria. --- economic liberalisation in Syria, merchant-state relations in Syria, trader's in Aleppo's Bazaar, authoritarian rule of Bashar al-Asad, Syria’s civil war.

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'A Commerce of Knowledge' tells the story of three generations of Church of England chaplains who worked in Ottoman Aleppo during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. By reconstructing their careers, Simon Mills shows the links between English commercial and diplomatic expansion, and English scholarly and missionary interests.

Science --- Economic relations. Trade --- History of civilization --- History of the United Kingdom and Ireland --- History of Asia --- anno 1600-1699 --- anno 1700-1799 --- Company of Merchants of England Trading to the Levant --- Turky Company --- Turkey Company --- Levant Company --- English Levant Company --- Levant Company of Turkey Merchants --- Officials and employees. --- England --- Middle East --- Aleppo (Syria) --- Asia, South West --- Asia, Southwest --- Asia, West --- Asia, Western --- East (Middle East) --- Eastern Mediterranean --- Fertile Crescent --- Levant --- Mediterranean Region, Eastern --- Mideast --- Near East --- Northern Tier (Middle East) --- South West Asia --- Southwest Asia --- West Asia --- Western Asia --- Orient --- Aleppo --- Alep (Syria) --- Beroea (Syria) --- Chale (Syria) --- Chelbon (Syria) --- Haleb (Syria) --- Helbon (Syria) --- Halēp (Syria) --- Khalepion (Syria) --- Biblical Beroea (Syria) --- Berea (Syria) --- Madīnat Ḥalab (Syria) --- Ḥalab (Syria) --- Aram-Tsova (Syria) --- Ḥalev (Syria) --- Angleterre --- Anglii︠a︡ --- Inghilterra --- Engeland --- Inglaterra --- Anglija --- England and Wales --- Relations --- Civilization --- 1600-1799

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"This book is a collection of papers presented during the third international conference 'International migration in 21st century' organized in October 2018" at "Yeditepe University in Istanbul, Turkey."--Page v.

Immigrants --- European Union --- European Union countries --- Turkey --- Saudi Arabia --- Nagorno-Karabakh (Azerbaijan) --- Europe --- Syria. --- Turkey. --- Emigration and immigration --- Government policy --- Emigration and immigration --- Economic conditions. --- Politics and government.

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In 1943, Lebanon gained its formal political independence from France; only after two more decades did the country finally establish a national central bank. Inaugurated on April 1, 1964, the Banque du Liban (BDL) was billed by Lebanese authorities as the nation's primary symbol of economic sovereignty and as the last step towards full independence. In the local press, it was described as a means of projecting state power and enhancing national pride. Yet the history of its founding—stretching from its Ottoman origins in mid-nineteenth century up until the mid-twentieth—tells a different, more complex story. Banking on the State reveals how the financial foundations of Lebanon were shaped by the history of the standardization of economic practices and financial regimes within the decolonizing world. The system of central banking that emerged was the product of a complex interaction of war, economic policies, international financial regimes, post-colonial state-building, global currents of technocratic knowledge, and private business interests. It served rather than challenged the interests of an oligarchy of local bankers. As Hicham Safieddine shows, the set of arrangements that governed the central bank thus was dictated by dynamics of political power and financial profit more than market forces, national interest or economic sovereignty.

Banks and banking, Central --- Monetary policy --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Banker's banks --- Banks, Central --- Central banking --- Central banks --- Banks and banking --- History. --- Finance --- Funding --- Funds --- Economics --- Currency question --- History --- Maṣrif Lubnān --- Banque du Liban --- Central Bank of Lebanon --- Bank of Lebanon --- مصرف لبنان --- BDL (Banque du Liban) --- Banque de Syrie et du Liban --- Lebanon --- Liban --- République libanaise --- Libanon --- Lubnān --- Libanan --- Livan --- Mont-Liban (Turkey : Mutaṣarrifīyah) --- Jabal Lubnān (Turkey : Mutaṣarrifīyah) --- Levanon --- Líbano --- Livanos --- Grand Lebanon --- Grand Liban --- Lebanese Republic --- Jumhūrīyah al Lubnānīyah --- Jumhouriya al-Lubnaniya --- Republic of Lebanon --- لبنان --- جمهورية اللبنانية --- Ліван --- Ліванская Рэспубліка --- Livanskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Ливан --- Република Ливан --- Republika Livan --- Λίβανος --- Δημοκρατία του Λιβάνου --- Dēmokratia tou Livanou --- Jumhūrīyyah al-Lubnānīyyah --- 레바논 --- לבנון --- רפובליקה הלבנונית --- Republiḳah ha-Levanonit --- Либан --- Либанска Република --- Libanska Republika --- レバノン --- Rebanon --- レバノン共和国 --- Rebanon Kyōwakoku --- Ливанская Республика --- Республіка Ліван --- Respublika Livan --- Ліванська Республика --- Livansʹka Respublyka --- Levonen --- 黎巴嫩 --- Libanen --- Colonial influence. --- E-books --- Association of Banks in Lebanon. --- Banque du Liban. --- Central banking. --- French Colonialism. --- Laissez-faire. --- Lebanon. --- Merchant Republic. --- Syria. --- financial independence. --- post-colonial state-building.