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"This book describes algorithms like Locally Linear Embedding (LLE), Laplacian eigenmaps, Isomap, Semidefinite Embedding, t-SNE to resolve the problem of dimensionality reduction in the case of non-linear relationships within the data. Underlying mathematical concepts, derivations, and proofs with logical explanations for these algorithms are discussed including strengths and the limitations. It highlights important use cases of these algorithms and few examples along with visualizations. Comparative study of the algorithms is presented, to give a clear idea on selecting the best suitable algorithm for a given dataset for efficient dimensionality reduction and data visualization. Features: Demonstrates how unsupervised learning approaches can be used for dimensionality reduction. Neatly explains algorithms with focus on the fundamentals and underlying mathematical concepts. Describes the comparative study of the algorithms and discusses when and where each algorithm is best suitable for use. Provides use cases, illustrative examples, and visualizations of each algorithm. Helps visualize and create compact representations of high dimensional and intricate data for various real-world applications and data analysis. This book aims at professionals, graduate students and researchers in Computer Science and Engineering, Data Science, Machine Learning, Computer Vision, Data Mining, Deep Learning, Sensor Data Filtering, Feature Extraction for Control Systems, and Medical Instruments Input Extraction"--

Information visualization --- Data reduction --- Machine learning --- Data processing. --- Computer programs.

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"Landfills are piled high with tossed clothes and shoes, clothing hangers harm our flying friends, and tiny microfibers from our fabrics are becoming fish food. What a waste! But there's a way to help. Be a waste warrior to put a stop to clothing waste and join the battle to save Earth!"--

Clothing trade --- Refuse and refuse disposal --- Source reduction (Waste management) --- Environmental protection --- Environmental aspects --- Citizen participation

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The Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) has extensively treated the adverse effects of climate change and the appropriate mitigation policy. We extend such a model to include optimal policies for mitigation, adaptation and infrastructure investment studying the dynamics of the transition to a low fossil-fuel economy. We focus on the adverse effects of increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration on households. Formally, the model gives rise to an optimal control problem of finite horizon consisting of a dynamic system with five-dimensional state vector consisting of stocks of private capital, green capital, public capital, stock of brown energy in the ground, and emissions. Given the numerous challenges to climate change policies the control vector is also five-dimensional. Our solutions are characterized by turnpike property and the optimal policy that accomplishes the objective of keeping the CO2 levels within bound is characterized by a significant proportion of investment in public capital going to mitigation in the initial periods. When initial levels of CO2 are high, adaptation efforts also start immediately, but during the initial period, they account for a smaller proportion of government's public investment.

Climatic changes --- Greenhouse gas mitigation. --- Abatement of greenhouse gas emissions --- Emission reduction, Greenhouse gas --- Emissions reduction, Greenhouse gas --- GHG mitigation --- Greenhouse gas abatement --- Greenhouse gas emission reduction --- Greenhouse gas emissions reduction --- Greenhouse gas reduction --- Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions --- Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions --- Pollution prevention --- Economic aspects. --- Infrastructure --- Investments: Stocks --- Macroeconomics --- Environmental Economics --- Environmental Conservation and Protection --- Optimization Techniques --- Programming Models --- Dynamic Analysis --- Climate --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Global Warming --- Environmental Economics: Government Policy --- Pension Funds --- Non-bank Financial Institutions --- Financial Instruments --- Institutional Investors --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Climate change --- Investment & securities --- Stocks --- Greenhouse gas emissions --- Consumption --- Greenhouse gases --- Saving and investment --- Economics

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Risk management. --- Hazard mitigation --- Disaster mitigation --- Disaster risk mitigation --- Disaster risk reduction --- Disasters --- Hazards mitigation --- Mitigation, Hazard --- Natural hazard mitigation --- Natural hazards mitigation --- Reduction of risks of disasters --- Risk mitigation, Disaster --- Risk reduction, Disaster --- Emergency management --- Insurance --- Management --- Risk mitigation --- Asia. --- Asian and Pacific Council countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia

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Following submission of greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation commitments or pledges (by 190 countries) for the 2015 Paris Agreement, policymakers are considering specific actions for their implementation. To help guide policy, it is helpful to have a quantitative framework for understanding: i) the main impacts (on GHGs, fiscal balances, the domestic environment, economic welfare, and distributional incidence) of emissions pricing; ii) trade-offs between pricing and other (commonly used) mitigation instruments; and iii) why/to what extent needed policies and their impacts differ across countries. This paper provides an illustrative sense of this information for G20 member countries (which account for about 80 percent of global emissions) under plausible (though inevitably uncertain) projections for future fuel use and price responsiveness. Quantitative results underscore the generally strong case for (comprehensive) pricing over other instruments, its small net costs or often net benefits (when domestic environmental gains are considered), but also the potentially wide dispersion (and hence inefficiency) in emissions prices implied by countries’ mitigation commitments.

Greenhouse gas mitigation. --- Abatement of greenhouse gas emissions --- Emission reduction, Greenhouse gas --- Emissions reduction, Greenhouse gas --- GHG mitigation --- Greenhouse gas abatement --- Greenhouse gas emission reduction --- Greenhouse gas emissions reduction --- Greenhouse gas reduction --- Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions --- Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions --- Pollution prevention --- Macroeconomics --- Taxation --- Environmental Conservation and Protection --- Natural Resources --- Energy: Government Policy --- Climate --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Global Warming --- Environmental Economics: Government Policy --- Taxation and Subsidies: Externalities --- Redistributive Effects --- Environmental Taxes and Subsidies --- Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: General --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Public finance & taxation --- Climate change --- Environmental management --- Excise taxes --- Carbon tax --- Greenhouse gas emissions --- Non-renewable resources --- Fuel prices --- Fuel tax --- Taxes --- Environment --- Environmental impact charges --- Greenhouse gases --- Natural resources --- Motor fuels;Taxation --- China, People's Republic of