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Populists claim to be the only legitimate representative of the people. Does it mean that there is no space for civil society? The issue is important because since Tocqueville (1835), associations and civil society have been recognized as a key factor in a healthy liberal democracy. We ask two questions: 1) do individuals who are members of civil associations vote less for populist parties? 2)does membership in associations decrease when populist parties are in power? We answer thesequestions looking at the experiences of Europe, which has a rich civil society tradition, as well as of Latin America, which already has a long history of populists in power. The main findings are that individuals belonging to associations are less likely by 2.4 to 4.2 percent to vote for populist parties, which is large considering that the average vote share for populist parties is from 10 to 15 percent. The effect is strong particularly after the global financial crisis, with the important caveat that membership in trade unions has unclear effects.

Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Civics and Citizenship --- Political Economy --- Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining: General --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Education: General --- Formal and Informal Sectors --- Shadow Economy --- Institutional Arrangements --- Financial Crises --- Trade unions --- Education --- Civil service & public sector --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Labor unions --- Personal income --- Civil society --- Global financial crisis of 2008-2009 --- National accounts --- Economic sectors --- Financial crises --- Income --- Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 --- United Kingdom

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This report evaluates the observance of standards and codes on Financial Action Task Force recommendations for anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) in Mexico. Mexico has a mature AML/CFT regime, with a correspondingly well-developed legal and institutional framework. The financial sector demonstrates a good understanding of the primary money laundering threats from organized crime groups and associated criminal activities as well as tax crimes, but the recognition of corruption as a main threat is uneven. Mexico also has a solid legal and institutional framework in place to seek and provide mutual legal assistance and extradition. The authorities also frequently rely on other forms of international cooperation to exchange information with other countries.

Public Finance --- Taxation --- Criminology --- Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Tax Evasion and Avoidance --- Bureaucracy --- Administrative Processes in Public Organizations --- Corruption --- Public finance & taxation --- Corporate crime --- white-collar crime --- Crime & criminology --- Anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) --- Legal support in revenue administration --- Crime --- Institutional arrangements for revenue administration --- Tax evasion --- Revenue administration --- Money laundering --- Revenue --- Crime--Economic aspects --- Mexico

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This Technical Assistance (TA) report focuses on four key work areas which may lead to improvement of Government Finance Statistics (GFS) for fiscal analysis, support policy making decisions in Zambia, and improve African Department surveillance. The mission found out that the Coordinating Committee, recommended in the previous TA mission, was not yet established. The mission reviewed progress on the legal and institutional arrangements supporting the compilation of GFS as a follow up from recommendations of the previous GFS TA mission and found that the legislation reforms were on track, especially regarding the Public Finance Act. The report also found that Central Statistical Office (CSO) is working on the revision of the Statistics Act to follow the new strategy for National Development of Statistics. For sustainability and consistency purposes, the mission recommended that the CSO staff produce a GFS manual for compilation and dissemination of GFS data.

Monetary policy --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Accounting --- Labor --- Statistics --- Civics and Citizenship --- Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology --- Computer Programs: Other --- Education: General --- Formal and Informal Sectors --- Shadow Economy --- Institutional Arrangements --- Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits --- Private Pensions --- Public Administration --- Public Sector Accounting and Audits --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Education --- Civil service & public sector --- Labour --- income economics --- Financial reporting, financial statements --- Government finance statistics --- Civil society organizations --- Non-wage benefits --- Financial statements --- Economic and financial statistics --- Economic sectors --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Finance --- Civil society --- Employee fringe benefits --- Finance, Public --- Zambia

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In sub-Saharan Africa women work relatively more in the informal sector than men. Many factors could explain this difference, including women’s lower education levels, legal barriers, social norms and demographic characteristics. Cross-country comparisons indicate strong associations between gender gaps and higher female informality. This paper uses microdata from Senegal to assess the probability of a worker being informal, and our main findings are: (i) in urban areas, being a woman increases this probability by 8.5 percent; (ii) education is usually more relevant for women; (iii) having kids reduces men’s probability of being informal but increases women’s.

Informal sector (Economics) --- Hidden economy --- Parallel economy --- Second economy --- Shadow economy --- Subterranean economy --- Underground economy --- Artisans --- Economics --- Small business --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Women''s Studies' --- Gender Studies --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Informal Economy --- Underground Econom --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income and Wealth: Africa --- Oceania --- Formal and Informal Sectors --- Shadow Economy --- Institutional Arrangements --- Education: General --- Labor Economics: General --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Education --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Labour --- income economics --- Women --- Gender inequality --- Informal employment --- Gender --- Sex discrimination --- Economic theory --- Labor economics --- Senegal

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Using business registry data from China, we show that internal capital markets in business groups can propagate corporate shareholders’ credit supply shocks to their subsidiaries. An average of 16.7% local bank credit growth where corporate shareholders are located would increase subsidiaries investment by 1% of their tangible fixed asset value, which accounts for 71% (7%) of the median (average) investment rate among these firms. We argue that equity exchanges is one channel through which corporate shareholders transmit bank credit supply shocks to the subsidiaries and provide empirical evidence to support the channel.

Capital market. --- Capital markets --- Market, Capital --- Finance --- Financial institutions --- Loans --- Money market --- Securities --- Crowding out (Economics) --- Efficient market theory --- Finance: General --- Investments: Stocks --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Economic Theory --- Financial Risk Management --- Formal and Informal Sectors --- Shadow Economy --- Institutional Arrangements --- Organization of Production --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Agriculture: Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis --- Prices --- Pension Funds --- Non-bank Financial Institutions --- Financial Instruments --- Institutional Investors --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- International Financial Markets --- Monetary economics --- Economic theory & philosophy --- Investment & securities --- Credit --- Supply shocks --- Bank credit --- Stocks --- Money --- Economic theory --- Asset valuation --- Asset and liability management --- Supply and demand --- Capital market --- Asset-liability management --- China, People's Republic of