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"A history of the struggle for debtors’ rights from the Civil War to the Great Depression What can be taken from someone who has borrowed money and cannot repay? What do the victims of misfortune owe to their lenders, and what can they keep for themselves? The answers to those questions, immensely important for debtors, creditors, and society at large, have changed over time. The Price of Misfortune examines the cause of debtors’ rights in the modern United States and the struggles of reformers who fought to establish financial freedoms in law. Daniel Platt shows how, in the wake of the Civil War, a range of advocates drew potent analogies between slavery, imprisonment for debt, and the experiences of wage garnishment and property foreclosure. He traces the ways those analogies were used to campaign for bold new protections for debtors, keeping them secure in their labor, property, and personhood. Yet, as Platt demonstrates, those reforms tended to assume as their ideal borrower someone who was white, propertied, and male. In subsequent decades, the emancipatory promise of debtors’ rights would be tested as women, wage earners, and African Americans seized on their language to challenge other structural inequalities: the dependency of marriage, the exploitation of industrial capitalism, and the oppression of Jim Crow. By reconstructing these forgotten developments—and recovering the experiences of indebted farmwives, sharecroppers, and wage workers—The Price of Misfortune narrates a new history of inequality, coercion, and law amid the early financialization of American capitalism." -- Publisher's description.

Consumers --- Debt --- Debtor and creditor --- Finance, Personal --- Civil rights --- History --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Social aspects --- legal history, finance capitalism, debtors' rights, inequality, coercion.

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This book is based on the observation that international law is undergoing a process of change and modernization, driven by many factors, among which the affirmation and consolidation of the role of the individual and of the theory of human rights stand out. In the contemporary world, international law has demonstrated an ability to evolve rapidly. But it is still unclear whether its modernization process is also producing structural changes, which affect the subjects, the sources and even the very purpose of this law. Is it truly possible to speak of a paradigmatic and ideological change in the international legal system, one that also involves a transition from a state-centred international order to a human-centred one, and from inter-state justice to global justice? The book addresses three fundamental aspects of the modernization process of international law: the possible widening of the concept of international community and of the classic assumptions of statehood; the possible diversification of the sources of general international law; and the ability of international law to adapt to new challenges and to achieve the main goals for humanity set by the United Nations. The overall objective of the book is to provide the tools for a deeper understanding of the transition phase of contemporary international law, by examining the major problems that characterize this phase. The book will also stimulate critical reflection on the future prospects of international law.

Law. --- International relations. --- Law --- International law. --- Sources and Subjects of International Law, International Organizations. --- Theories of Law, Philosophy of Law, Legal History. --- Development and Sustainability. --- International Relations. --- Acts, Legislative --- Enactments, Legislative --- Laws (Statutes) --- Legislative acts --- Legislative enactments --- Jurisprudence --- Legislation --- Law of nations --- Nations, Law of --- Public international law --- Coexistence --- Foreign affairs --- Foreign policy --- Foreign relations --- Global governance --- Interdependence of nations --- International affairs --- Peaceful coexistence --- World order --- National security --- Sovereignty --- World politics --- Philosophy. --- Social justice. --- Human rights. --- Equality --- Justice --- Basic rights --- Civil rights (International law) --- Human rights --- Rights, Human --- Rights of man --- Human security --- Transitional justice --- Truth commissions --- Law and legislation --- Economic development—Environmental aspects. --- Law—Philosophy.

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Before the seventeenth century, trade across Eurasia was mostly conducted in short segments along the Silk Route and Indian Ocean. Business was organized in family firms, merchant networks, and state-owned enterprises, and dominated by Chinese, Indian, and Arabic traders. However, around 1600 the first two joint-stock corporations, the English and Dutch East India Companies, were established. Going the Distance tells the story of overland and maritime trade without Europeans, of European Cape Route trade without corporations, and of how new, large-scale, and impersonal organizations arose in Europe to control long-distance trade for more than three centuries. Ron Harris shows that by 1700, the scene and methods for global trade had dramatically changed: Dutch and English merchants shepherded goods directly from China and India to northwestern Europe. To understand this transformation, Harris compares the organizational forms used in four major regions: China, India, the Middle East, and Western Europe. The English and Dutch were the last to leap into Eurasian trade, and they innovated in order to compete. They raised capital from passive investors through impersonal stock markets and their joint-stock corporations deployed more capital, ships, and agents to deliver goods from their origins to consumers. Going the Distance explores the history behind a cornerstone of the modern economy, and how this organizational revolution contributed to the formation of global trade and the creation of the business corporation as a key factor in Europe's economic rise.

Corporations --- History. --- Eurasia --- Commerce --- Economic conditions. --- Accounting. --- Arabian Sea. --- Arabs. --- Armenians. --- British Empire. --- Business Activities. --- Cairo Geniza. --- Calculation. --- Caravanserai. --- Case study. --- Central Asia. --- Central Europe. --- China. --- Civilization. --- Commodity. --- Confucianism. --- Corporation. --- Creditor. --- Currency. --- Dividend. --- Dutch East India Company. --- Eastern Mediterranean. --- Economic development. --- Economics. --- Entrepreneurship. --- Ethnic group. --- Eurasia. --- Eurasian (mixed ancestry). --- Europe. --- Exchange rate. --- Exit Option. --- Expense. --- Expropriation. --- Fugger. --- Fujian. --- Fustat. --- General partnership. --- Governance. --- Guangzhou. --- Gujarat. --- Income. --- Indian Ocean trade. --- Indian Ocean. --- Indonesia. --- Infrastructure. --- Institution. --- Investor. --- Islam. --- Jews. --- Joint venture. --- Joint-stock company. --- Jurist. --- Legal history. --- Levant Company. --- Limited partnership. --- Literature. --- Livorno. --- Lock-in (decision-making). --- Longevity. --- Malabar Coast. --- Merchant. --- Middle East. --- Mongols. --- Muziris. --- New Julfa. --- North Africa. --- Organizational structure. --- Ottoman Empire. --- Ownership. --- Partnership. --- Passive investor. --- Payment. --- Principal–agent problem. --- Quanzhou. --- Receipt. --- Roman Law. --- Routledge. --- Shareholder. --- Silk Road. --- Song dynasty. --- South India. --- Southeast Asia. --- Spice trade. --- Sri Lanka. --- Stock market. --- Stock trader. --- Supply (economics). --- Syndicate. --- Tax. --- Technology. --- Trade route. --- Turpan. --- Usury. --- Wealth. --- Western Asia. --- Western Europe. --- Writing. --- Yuan dynasty. --- Zheng (state). --- Zheng He.