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What do international male business leaders have to say about gender diversity, the rise of talented women into management and the opportunities for the sexes to work together harmoniously in boardrooms – as well as the obstacles that stand in the way? When most people think manager, they think male. Boardrooms around the world are still dominated by ‘alpha’ men and their assertive, decisive leadership styles. Meanwhile, their female counterparts, alpha women, remain underrepresented in almost every country. Many women feel they’ve been excluded and are calling for equality. This book offers a fresh perspective on gender roles that moves away from the old paradigm of male domination and female victimhood. It argues that companies that want to succeed need to productively combine and leverage off the strengths offered by men and women. It covers how mixed leadership teams can be made the norm in international companies. To find some answers, Bettina Al-Sadik-Lowinski interviewed senior male executives from eleven countries. These ‘alpha men’ agree that women and their abilities should be better represented on company boards. They believe the current imbalance is due to a mix of talented women’s reluctance to pursue their career ambitions along with the barriers created by existing power structures. Male managers fear losing face and being shown up by strong women. They want recognition, rather than aggression, from their female colleagues. The interviewees also discuss what they see as women’s strengths, such as their positive, calming influence in male-dominated meetings, and comment on sensitive topics such as #MeToo and the influence of ‘erotic capital’ and ‘old boys’ networks’. The book presents the men’s views in their own words, complemented by alternative perspectives from top female executives. Al-Sadik-Lowinski’s analysis shows how both sexes can work together in international companies to build a brighter, sustainable future. Alpha Males and Alpha Females seeks to promote greater equality at senior levels in global companies, with mixed leadership teams made up of both qualified men and qualified women. It gives women who are interested in pursuing a management career an insight into men’s views, as well as advice on their personal career development. And it suggests strategies that executives can adopt to strengthen diversity, build mixed leadership teams and secure their companies’ long-term success.

Executives --- conflicts of genders in the workplace. --- gender diversity strategies. --- gender stereotypes. --- leadership competencies of women, boys’ clubs.

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This Selected Issues paper examines the state of labor supply in the Czech Republic. The Czech working age population is projected to decline. This has important implications for labor supply and long-term growth. Policies to increase participation rates and retirement age are important and can mitigate the decline in labor force, but are unlikely to offset it. Under a combined moderate policy improvement scenario, the labor force is expected to decline by 3 percent in 2030 and 15 percent in 2050. Under the very optimistic (hence less likely) scenario, the labor force would increase by 3 percentage points by 2030, but then start to decline later with a gap of 8 percent by 2050.

Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Production and Operations Management --- Women''s Studies' --- Gender Studies --- Production --- Cost --- Capital and Total Factor Productivity --- Capacity --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure --- Labour --- income economics --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Population & demography --- Total factor productivity --- Productivity --- Labor productivity --- Gender diversity --- Labor force --- Gender --- Industrial productivity --- Labor market --- Sex role --- Women --- Czech Republic --- Income economics --- Women & girls --- Women's Studies

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This paper analyzes the relationship between fiscal and structural policies and gender inequality in education and labor force participation for countries at different stages of development. Due to the substantial number of possible factors that link with gender inequality previously highlighted in the literature, we pay particular attention to addressing model uncertainty and using various statistical methods to find the variables with the strongest links to gender gaps. We find that higher public spending on education, better sanitation facilities, low adolescent fertility, and narrower marriage age gaps are significantly related to narrower gender gaps in education. We also find that better infrastructure, a stronger institutional environment, more equal legal rights, and low adolescent fertility rates are strongly associated with higher female labor force participation. When labor market protection is low, an increase in protection is associated with a narrowing of labor force participation gaps between men and women. But when labor market protection levels are high, an increase in protection is associated with a widening in labor force participation gaps.

Sex role --- Gender role --- Sex (Psychology) --- Sex differences (Psychology) --- Social role --- Gender expression --- Sexism --- Economic aspects. --- Gender roles --- Gendered role --- Gendered roles --- Role, Gender --- Role, Gendered --- Role, Sex --- Roles, Gender --- Roles, Gendered --- Roles, Sex --- Sex roles --- Labor --- Women''s Studies' --- Gender Studies --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Education and Inequality --- Labor Standards: Labor Force Composition --- Education: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Education --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Labor force participation --- Gender inequality --- Gender diversity --- Women --- Gender --- Labor market --- Sex discrimination --- United States --- Income economics --- Women & girls --- Women's Studies

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How important are female workers for economic growth? This paper presents empirical evidence that an increase in female labor force participation is positively associated with labor productivity growth. Using panel data for 10 Canadian provinces over 1990–2015, we found that a 1 percentage point increase in the labor force participation among women with high educational attainment would raise Canada’s overall labor productivity growth by 0.2 to 0.3 percentage point a year. This suggests that if the current gap of 7 percentage points between male and female labor force participation with high educational attainment were eliminated, the level of real GDP could be about 4 percent higher today. The government has appropriately stepped up its efforts to improve gender equality, as part of its growth strategy. In particular, the government’s plan to expand access to affordable child care is a positive step. However, we argue that to maximize the policy outcome given a budget constraint, provision of subsidized child care—including publicly funded child care spaces—should be better targeted to working parents.

Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Women''s Studies' --- Gender Studies --- Production and Operations Management --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies --- Fertility --- Family Planning --- Child Care --- Children --- Youth --- Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Labor Standards: Labor Force Composition --- Labor Economics: General --- Education: General --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Labour --- income economics --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Education --- Women --- Labor force participation --- Gender diversity --- Gender --- Labor productivity --- Production --- Labor force --- Labor market --- Labor economics --- Sex role --- Canada --- Income economics --- Women & girls --- Women's Studies

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This Selected Issues paper on the Republic of Armenia seeks to quantify the macroeconomic impact of the government’s reform agenda, which covers three broad areas: tax policy and pension; governance, government efficiency, and corruption; and labor market and competition. Strengthening growth and competitiveness and addressing governance problems requires comprehensive reform efforts. The new government has made it clear that fighting corruption and improving governance remain top priorities. Measures have been proposed to enhance corporate transparency, including through accounting and auditing reforms. A more systematic support program for small and medium-sized enterprises, along with labor market reforms, should also help alleviate unemployment difficulties. The simulations suggest that the government’s tax policy reform can have a positive impact on output in the medium run if it is accompanied by supporting measures. The results suggest that a full implementation of the reform package would yield substantial benefits for the economy. In particular, it could increase real GDP by as much as 7 percent over the long run.

Monetary policy --- Financial risk management --- Risk management --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Labor --- Criminology --- Women''s Studies' --- Gender Studies --- Bureaucracy --- Administrative Processes in Public Organizations --- Corruption --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Education: General --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Fiscal Policy --- Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure --- Corporate crime --- white-collar crime --- Labour --- income economics --- Education --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Macroeconomics --- Women --- Labor markets --- Gender diversity --- Crime --- Gender --- Labor force --- Labor market --- Sex role --- Armenia, Republic of --- Income economics --- White-collar crime --- Women & girls --- Women's Studies