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Foreign workers --- Immigrants --- Employment --- Emigrants --- Foreign-born population --- Foreign population --- Foreigners --- Migrants --- Persons --- Aliens

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Small businesses owned by international migrants and refugees are often the target of xenophobic hostility and attack in South Africa. This report examines the problematization of migrant-owned businesses in South Africa, and the regulatory efforts aimed at curtailing their economic activities. In so doing, it sheds light on the complex ways in which xenophobic fears are generated and manifested in the country's social, legal and political orders. Efforts to curb migrant spaza shops in South Africa have included informal trade agreements at local levels, fining migrant shops, and legislation that prohibits asylum seekers from operating businesses in the country. Several of these interventions have overlooked the content of local by-laws and outed legal frameworks. The report concludes that when South African township residents attack migrant spaza shops, they are expressing their dissatisfaction with their socio-economic conditions to an apprehensive state and political leadership. In response, governance actors turn on migrant shops to demonstrate their allegiance to these residents, to appease South African spaza shopkeepers, and to tacitly blame socio-economic malaise on perceived foreign forces. Overall, these actors do not have spaza shops primarily in mind when calling for the stricter regulation of these businesses. Instead, they are concerned about the volatile support of their key political constituencies and how this backing can be undermined or generated by the symbolic gesture of regulating the foreign shop.

Immigrants --- Business enterprises, Black --- Home-based businesses --- Informal sector (Economics) --- Hidden economy --- Parallel economy --- Second economy --- Shadow economy --- Subterranean economy --- Underground economy --- Artisans --- Economics --- Small business --- Business enterprises, Home --- Businesses, Home --- Home businesses --- Self-employed --- Black business enterprises --- Emigrants --- Foreign-born population --- Foreign population --- Foreigners --- Migrants --- Persons --- Aliens --- Immigrant business enterprises --- Xenophobia --- Zenophobia --- Phobias --- Immigrant-owned business enterprises --- Business enterprises --- Economic conditions --- E-books

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The borders of Europe are gradually mutating into technological borders. Technologies used for this task, such as European databases and biometric systems, are increasingly making use of the bodies of migrants as a source of information, discriminating for or against them as citizens or aliens. These new technological borders have a severe effect on the privacy and bodily integrity of people. Migration policy in Europe runs the risk of becoming a test lab for these new technologies. This cutting-edge collection provides a variety of disciplinary perspectives analyzing political, legal, administrational, and technological issues. Offering different strategies of counter-surveillance to strengthen the position of migrants and citizens, the book unpicks the new tensions in Europe between states and citizens, and between politics, technology and human rights.

Technology and state --- Citizenship --- Minorities --- Civil rights --- European Union countries --- Emigration and immigration --- Government policy --- E-books --- Ethnic minorities --- Foreign population --- Minority groups --- Persons --- Assimilation (Sociology) --- Discrimination --- Ethnic relations --- Majorities --- Plebiscite --- Race relations --- Segregation --- Government policy. --- Border security --- Technological innovations --- Europe --- Technology and state - European Union countries --- Citizenship - European Union countries --- Minorities - European Union countries --- Civil rights - European Union countries --- Border security - Technological innovations - Europe --- European Union countries - Emigration and immigration - Government policy --- Europe - Emigration and immigration --- Europe - Emigration and immigration - Government policy

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In The Politics of Social Inclusion and Labor Representation, Heather Connolly, Stefania Marino, and Miguel Martínez Lucio compare trade union responses to immigration and the related political and labour market developments in the Netherlands, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The labor movement is facing significant challenges as a result of such changes in the modern context. As such, the authors closely examine the idea of social inclusion and how trade unions are coping with and adapting to the need to support immigrant workers and develop various types of engagement and solidarity strategies in the European context. Traversing the dramatically shifting immigration patterns since the 1970's, during which emerged a major crisis of capitalism, the labor market, and society, and the contingent rise of anti-immigration sentiment and new forms of xenophobia, the authors assess and map how trade unions have to varying degrees understood and framed these issues and immigrant labor. They show how institutional traditions, and the ways that trade unions historically react to social inclusion and equality, have played a part in shaping the nature of current initiatives. The Politics of Social Inclusion and Labor Representation concludes that we need to appreciate the complexity of trade-union traditions, established paths to renewal, and competing trajectories of solidarity. While trade union organizations remain wedded to specific trajectories, trade union renewal remains an innovative, if at times, problematic and complex set of choices and aspirations.

Immigrants --- Foreign workers --- Minority labor union members --- Labor unions --- Emigrants --- Foreign-born population --- Foreign population --- Foreigners --- Migrants --- Persons --- Aliens --- Alien labor --- Foreign labor --- Guest workers --- Guestworkers --- Immigrant labor --- Immigrant workers --- Migrant labor (Foreign workers) --- Migrant workers (Foreign workers) --- Employees --- Labor union members --- Industrial unions --- Labor, Organized --- Labor organizations --- Organized labor --- Trade-unions --- Unions, Labor --- Unions, Trade --- Working-men's associations --- Labor movement --- Societies --- Central labor councils --- Guilds --- Syndicalism --- Social conditions --- Employment --- Minority membership --- E-books --- Noncitizen labor --- Noncitizens

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Violence, deception, fraud and abuse have always been commonplace occurrences for migrants, not only in their final country of destination but also in their countries of origin and countries of transit. In today’s world, the link between mobility and security issues is ever-increasing. Acknowledging this, how can we work to protect and improve migrants’ rights? Is the protection for migrants offered by the EU sufficient as-is, or is a more integrated approach that requires greater cooperation from migrants’ country of origin called for? What role can the private sector play in all of this? In this book, Borraccetti brings together contributions that analyse how migrant exploitation can be combatted. All essays focus on the protection and promotion of human rights and pay particular attention to the rights of children and other vulnerable people. Marco Borraccetti is Researcher and Senior Lecturer of European Union Law at the University of Bologna, Italy, where he teaches the Jean Monnet Module EU Law and EU Immigration Law. His research interests include migration, human-trafficking and the judicial protection of fundamental rights in the EU. .

Migrant labor --- Emigration and immigration law --- Labor, Migrant --- Migrant workers --- Migrants (Migrant labor) --- Migratory workers --- Transient labor --- Employees --- Casual labor --- Labor economics. --- Migration. --- Law and economics. --- Europe—Economic conditions. --- Culture - Economic aspects. --- Labor Economics. --- Law and Economics. --- European Economics. --- Cultural Economics. --- Economics and jurisprudence --- Economics and law --- Jurisprudence and economics --- Economics --- Jurisprudence --- 332.602.0 --- Immigrants --- Emigrants --- Foreign-born population --- Foreign population --- Foreigners --- Migrants --- Persons --- Aliens --- Grensoverschrijdende mobiliteit (algemeenheden) --- Civil rights --- Emigration and immigration. --- Culture—Economic aspects. --- Immigration --- International migration --- Migration, International --- Population geography --- Assimilation (Sociology) --- Colonization