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Loans, Foreign --- Economic assistance --- Economic aid --- Foreign aid program --- Foreign assistance --- Grants-in-aid, International --- International economic assistance --- International grants-in-aid --- Economic policy --- International economic relations --- Conditionality (International relations) --- Foreign loans --- International loans --- Loans, International --- Loans --- Foreign loan insurance

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The 2018 edition of the OECD Sovereign Borrowing Outlook presents gross borrowing requirements, net borrowing requirements, central government marketable debt and funding strategies for the OECD area and country groupings. In addition, it examines: interactions between fiscal policy; public debt management and monetary policy; procedures and instruments; liquidity in secondary markets; and alternative approaches to sovereign borrowing such as green bonds and GDP-linked instruments in the context of global economic and financial developments.

Debts, Public --- Debts, External --- Loans, Foreign --- Foreign loans --- International loans --- Loans, International --- Loans --- Conditionality (International relations) --- Foreign loan insurance --- Debts, Foreign --- Debts, International --- External debts --- Foreign debts --- International debts --- Debt --- International finance --- Investments, Foreign --- Debts, Government --- Government debts --- National debts --- Public debt --- Public debts --- Sovereign debt --- Bonds --- Deficit financing

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On April 13, 2018, the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) completed the first review of Chad’s economic performance under the program supported by an Extended Credit Facility (ECF) arrangement. Completion of this review enables the immediate disbursement of SDR 35.05 million (about US$51 million). This brings total disbursements under the arrangement to SDR 70.1 million (about US$ 99.8 million). The Board also approved the authorities’ request to waive the non-observance of the continuous performance criterion on the non-accumulation of new external payments arrears, and to rephase the planned disbursements.

Loans, Foreign. --- Loans, Foreign --- Foreign loans --- International loans --- Loans, International --- Loans --- Conditionality (International relations) --- Foreign loan insurance --- Arrears --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Debt Management --- Debt service --- Debt --- Debts, External --- Debts, Public --- Exports and Imports --- External debt --- Fiscal Policy --- Fiscal policy --- Fiscal stance --- International economics --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Macroeconomics --- Monetary economics --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public debt --- Public finance & taxation --- Public Finance --- Sovereign Debt --- Taxation --- Chad

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This Selected Issues paper assesses the external stability of Niger. Niger’s real effective exchange rate has been depreciating recently, echoing fluctuations of the euro against the US dollar. A model-based analysis of Niger’s external sector suggests that the real effective exchange rate is broadly in line with macroeconomic fundamentals, which is also consistent with the findings of the 2014 external sector assessment. However, broader competitiveness indicators are worrisome, despite some improvement noted in recent years. The recent depreciation of the naira also suggests some weakening in competitiveness, at least with Nigeria.

Economic development --- Balance of payments --- Loans, Foreign --- Natural resources --- National resources --- Resources, Natural --- Resource-based communities --- Resource curse --- Foreign loans --- International loans --- Loans, International --- Loans --- Conditionality (International relations) --- Foreign loan insurance --- Current account balance (International trade) --- International payments, Balance of --- Foreign exchange --- Terms of trade --- Balance of trade --- International liquidity --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Economic aspects --- International Monetary Fund --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- Natural Disasters --- Demography --- Women''s Studies' --- Gender Studies --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Demographic Economics: General --- Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts --- Climate --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Global Warming --- Education: General --- Population & demography --- Natural disasters --- Education --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Population & migration geography --- Population and demographics --- Women --- Population growth --- Environment --- Gender --- Population --- Demographic transition --- Niger --- Women & girls --- Women's Studies