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Entrepreneurship --- Jews --- Jewish peddlers --- Economic conditions.
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"Between Romania's entry into World War II in 1941 and the ouster of dictator Ion Antonescu three years later, over 105,000 Jews were forced to work in internment and labor camps, labor battalions, government institutions, and private industry. Particularly for those in the labor battalions, this period was characterized by extraordinary physical and psychological suffering, hunger, inadequate shelter, and dangerous or even deadly working conditions. And yet the situation that arose from the combination of Antonescu's paranoias and the peculiarities of the Romanian system of forced-labor organization meant that most Jewish laborers survived. Jewish Forced Labor in Romania explores the ideological and legal background of this system of forced labor, its purpose, and its evolution. Author Dallas Michelbacher examines the relationship between the system of forced labor and the Romanian government's plans for the "solution to the Jewish question." In doing so, Michelbacher highlights the key differences between the Romanian system of forced labor and the well-documented use of forced labor in Nazi Germany and neighboring Hungary. Jewish Forced Labor in Romania explores the internal logic of the Antonescu regime and how it balanced its ideological imperative for antisemitic persecution with the economic needs of a state engaged in total war whose economy was still heavily dependent on the skills of its Jewish population"--
World War, 1939-1945 --- Jews --- Forced labor --- History --- Romania.
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"The name George Soros is recognized around the world. Universally known for his decades of philanthropy, progressive politics, and investment success, he is equally well-known as the nemesis of the right--the target of sustained attacks from national populists, authoritarian regimes, and anti-Semites in the United States and around the world--because of his commitment to open society, freedom of the press, and liberal democracy. Named the Financial Times Person of the Year for 2018, and now at 91 years old, he still looms large on the global stage. And yet the man himself is surprisingly little understood. Depending on who or where you are, describing Soros is likely to elicit different answers. He has even more identities than he has lived decades, now into his tenth. Who is George Soros, really? And why does this question matter? Over the years, attempts have been made to write George Soros's biography, but no single account of his life can capture its extraordinary multi-faceted character. In addition to survivor, billionaire, speculator, philanthropist, activist, author, nemesis of the far right, and global citizen, there is husband, father, and to an extent he may not even realize, friend. The writers whose work appears in this volume have approached Soros from wide-ranging and unique perspectives. Their collective expertise shines a new light on the activities and passions of George Soros' life and, to the extent possible, the motivation for them and their impact. The breadth of these portrayals is considerable; the depth of insight, it is hoped, equally so. The goal is to give readers the best possible representation of George Soros's life that can be achieved. George Soros's life in full"--
Capitalists and financiers --- Philanthropists --- Hungarian Americans --- Jews --- Soros, George.
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This book surveys the role of Amsterdam’s Sephardic merchants in the westward expansion of sugar production and trade in the seventeenth-century Atlantic. It offers an historical-geographic perspective, linking Amsterdam as an emerging staple market to a network of merchants of the “Portuguese Nation,” conducting trade from the Iberian Peninsula and Brazil. Examining the “Myth of the Dutch,” the “Sephardic Moment,” and the impact of the British Navigation Acts, Yda Schreuder focuses attention on Barbados and Jamaica and demonstrates how Amsterdam remained Europe’s primary sugar refining center through most of the seventeenth century and how Sephardic merchants played a significant role in sustaining the sugar trade.
Europe-History-1492-. --- World history. --- Imperialism. --- Judaism and culture. --- History of Early Modern Europe. --- World History, Global and Transnational History. --- Imperialism and Colonialism. --- Jewish Cultural Studies. --- Culture and Judaism --- Culture --- Colonialism --- Empires --- Expansion (United States politics) --- Neocolonialism --- Political science --- Anti-imperialist movements --- Caesarism --- Chauvinism and jingoism --- Militarism --- Universal history --- History --- Europe—History—1492-. --- Sugar trade --- Sugar workers --- Sephardim --- Jews, Sephardic --- Ladinos (Spanish Jews) --- Sefardic Jews --- Sephardi Jews --- Sephardic Jews --- Jews --- Jews, Portuguese --- Jews, Spanish --- Sugar bounties --- Sugar industry --- Sweetener industry --- Employees
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This new research investigates socio-political and ethnic-cultural conflicts over wage gaps in Israel during the 1950s. The Academic Middle-Class Rebellion exposes the struggle of the Ashkenazi (European) professional elite to capitalize on its advantages during the first decade of Israeli statehood, by attempting to maximize wage gaps between themselves and the new Oriental Jewish proletariat. This struggle was met with great resistance from the government under the ruling party, Mapai, and its leader David Ben-Gurion. The clash between the two sides revealed diverse, contradictory visions of the optimal socio-economic foundation for establishing collective identity in the new nation-state. The study by Avi Bareli and Uri Cohen uncovers patterns that merged nationalism and socialism in 1950s Israel confronting a liberal and meritocratic vision.
Wages --- Ashkenazim --- Sephardim --- Jews, Sephardic --- Ladinos (Spanish Jews) --- Sefardic Jews --- Sephardi Jews --- Sephardic Jews --- Jews --- Jews, Portuguese --- Jews, Spanish --- Ashkenazic Jews --- Attitudes. --- Social conditions. --- Israel --- Dawlat Isrāʼīl --- Država Izrael --- Dzi︠a︡rz︠h︡ava Izrailʹ --- Gosudarstvo Izrailʹ --- I-se-lieh --- Israele --- Isrāʼīl --- Isŭrael --- Isuraeru --- Izrael --- Izrailʹ --- Medinat Israel --- Medinat Yiśraʼel --- Stát Izrael --- State of Israel --- Yiselie --- Yiśraʼel --- Ισραήλ --- Израиль --- Государство Израиль --- Дзяржава Ізраіль --- Ізраіль --- מדינת ישראל --- ישראל --- إسرائيل --- دولة إسرائيل --- イスラエル --- 以色列 --- Palestine --- Politics and government. --- Economic conditions. --- Attitudes --- Social conditions --- E-books
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Federica Francesconi writes the history of the Jewish merchants who lived and prospered in the northern Italian city of Modena, capital city of the Este Duchy, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Her protagonists are men and women who stood out within their communities but who, despite their cultural and economic prominence, were ghettoized after 1638. Their sociocultural transformation and eventual legal and political integration evolved through a complex dialogue between their Italian and Jewish identities, and without the traumatic ruptures or dramatic divides that led to the assimilation and conversion of many Jews elsewhere in Europe.In Modena, male and female Jewish identities were contoured by both cultural developments internal to the community and engagement with the broader society. The study of Lurianic and Cordoverian Kabbalah, liturgical and nondevotional Hebrew poetry, and Sabbateanism existed alongside interactions with Jesuits, converts, and inquisitors. If Modenese Jewish merchants were absent from the public discourse of the Estes, their businesses lives were nevertheless located at the very geographical and economic center of the city. They lived in an environment that gave rise to unique forms of Renaissance culture, early modern female agency, and Enlightenment practice. New Jewish ways of performing gender emerged in the seventeenth century, giving rise to what could be called an entrepreneurial female community devoted to assisting, employing, and socializing in the ghetto. Indeed, the ghetto leadership prepared both Jewish men and women for the political and legal emancipation they would eventually obtain under Napoleon. It was the cultured Modenese merchants who combined active participation in the political struggle for Italian Jewish emancipation with the creation of a special form of the Enlightenment embedded in scholarly and French-oriented lay culture that emerged within the European context.
Jewish merchants --- Jews --- History --- Modena (Italy) --- Social conditions --- History. --- Jewish Studies. --- Medieval and Renaissance Studies. --- Religion.
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"In this book, Alex J. Ramos examines production, consumption, and transaction in the regional economy of Galilee during the Early Roman period. Drawing on literary sources-including biblical texts, Josephus, and the Mishnah-and archaeological evidence, he assesses the ways that the Roman and Herodian states, settlement patterns, and Jewish religious obligations would have shaped household economic behavior. Approaching the topic through new institutional economics, Ramos considers the role of state institutions of administration and taxation and religious institutions derived from the Torah and the Temple in structuring for Galilean Jews the incentives, priorities, and costs of economic decision making. In contrast to classical economic assumptions of what is economically "rational" behavior, he considers the ways that the laws of the Torah defined the bounds of rational and socially permissible approaches to economic production, consumption, and transaction. Ultimately, Ramos argues that state institutions played a rather indirect and weak role in shaping the economy through much of the Early Roman Galilee; religious institutions, by comparison, played a more formative role in defining economic behavior."
Jews --- Religious life and customs. --- To 1500 --- Galilee (Israel) --- Israel --- Galilee (Israel) --- Economic conditions --- Economic conditions
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Railroads --- World War, 1939-1945 --- World War, 1939-1945 --- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) --- Jews --- History --- Deportations from France. --- Transportation --- Persecutions --- History --- Société nationale des chemins de fer français --- History. --- France --- History
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This book is a study of potential, perceived, and real conflicts and similarities between market economics and Jewish social justice. The book’s ultimate focus is on public policy issues. In the first two chapters, the author presents the conceptual and theoretical foundations of market economics and Jewish social justice. Subsequent chapters analyze public policy issues from both market economics and Jewish social justice perspectives, discussing conflicts, and if, they exist, similarities. .
Economic policy --- Economics --- Social justice --- Philosophy. --- Religious aspects --- Judaism. --- Judaism and economics --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- National planning --- State planning --- Planning --- National security --- Social policy --- Economic policy. --- Economics. --- Economic Policy. --- Political Economy/Economic Systems. --- Jews --- Religions --- Semites --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- Religion
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"In this rich transnational history, Cornelia Aust traces Jewish Ashkenazi families as they moved across Europe and established new commercial and entrepreneurial networks as they went. Aust balances economic history with elaborate discussions of Jewish marriage patterns, women's economic activity, and intimate family life. Following their travels from Amsterdam to Warsaw, Aust opens a multifaceted window into the lives, relationships, and changing conditions of Jewish economic activity of a new Jewish mercantile elite"--
Jewish merchants --- Jewish businesspeople --- Jewish capitalists and financiers --- Jews --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Judaism --- Capitalists and financiers --- Jewish financiers --- Jewish businessmen --- Businesspeople --- Merchants, Jewish --- Merchants --- History --- Social networks --- Commerce --- Economic conditions --- Europe --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia
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