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This paper examines the impact of highway expansion on aggregate productivity growth and sectoral reallocation between cities in China. To do so, I construct a unique dataset of bilateral transportation costs between Chinese cities, digitized highway network maps, and firm-level census. I first derive and estimate a market access measure that summarizes all direct and indirect impact of trade costs on city productivity. I then construct an instrumental variable to examine the causal impact of highways on economic outcomes and the underlying channels. The results suggest that highways promoted aggregate productivity growth by facilitating firm entry, exit and reallocation. I also find evidence that the national highway system led to a sectoral reallocation between cities in China.

Urban transportation. --- City transportation --- Metropolitan transportation --- Municipal transportation --- Transportation, Urban --- City planning --- Transportation --- Urban policy --- China --- Economic conditions. --- Infrastructure --- Production and Operations Management --- Demography --- Industries: Manufacturing --- Trade: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Economic Development: Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis --- Housing --- Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General --- General Regional Economics (includes Regional Data) --- Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities: General --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Production --- Cost --- Capital and Total Factor Productivity --- Capacity --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Demographic Economics: General --- Industry Studies: Manufacturing: General --- Macroeconomics --- Population & demography --- Manufacturing industries --- Productivity --- Total factor productivity --- Population and demographics --- National accounts --- Manufacturing --- Economic sectors --- Saving and investment --- Industrial productivity --- Population --- China, People's Republic of

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"This book focuses on a novel type of Internet of Things (IoT) architecture, i.e., Web of Things (WoT) with open character, which naturally breaks the barriers among various IoT vertical applications. Key technologies from physical to platform level are presented and compared, especially the Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) technology. Applications that are typical to IoT are discussed with different data transmission requirements. In the book's first part, the requirements of WoT applications on 5G is described. Next, detailed information on WoT technologies are presented. Later, three typical WoT applications are introduced, including the monitoring application of south-to-north water diversion projects, smart driving applications, and network optimization applications. Lastly, the authors explore testing and authentication of IoT key technologies, together with the required equipment, platform, and outdoor environment development"-- Provided by publisher

Internet of things.

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This paper analyzes the relationship between fiscal and structural policies and gender inequality in education and labor force participation for countries at different stages of development. Due to the substantial number of possible factors that link with gender inequality previously highlighted in the literature, we pay particular attention to addressing model uncertainty and using various statistical methods to find the variables with the strongest links to gender gaps. We find that higher public spending on education, better sanitation facilities, low adolescent fertility, and narrower marriage age gaps are significantly related to narrower gender gaps in education. We also find that better infrastructure, a stronger institutional environment, more equal legal rights, and low adolescent fertility rates are strongly associated with higher female labor force participation. When labor market protection is low, an increase in protection is associated with a narrowing of labor force participation gaps between men and women. But when labor market protection levels are high, an increase in protection is associated with a widening in labor force participation gaps.

Sex role --- Gender role --- Sex (Psychology) --- Sex differences (Psychology) --- Social role --- Gender expression --- Sexism --- Economic aspects. --- Gender roles --- Gendered role --- Gendered roles --- Role, Gender --- Role, Gendered --- Role, Sex --- Roles, Gender --- Roles, Gendered --- Roles, Sex --- Sex roles --- Labor --- Women''s Studies' --- Gender Studies --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Education and Inequality --- Labor Standards: Labor Force Composition --- Education: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Education --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Labor force participation --- Gender inequality --- Gender diversity --- Women --- Gender --- Labor market --- Sex discrimination --- United States