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In de periode 2011-2018 werd onze wereld aan een grondige geopolitieke transformatie onderworpen. Voor Europa lijkt het wel of alle zekerheden op het vlak van veiligheid, economie en ecologie onderuit werden gehaald. Het partnerschap met de Verenigde Staten is sterk onder druk komen te staan sinds president Trump, de relaties met Rusland verslechterden door de crises in Oekraïne en Syrië, in het Midden-Oosten ontaardde de ‘Arabische Lente' in burgeroorlogen en regionale oorlogen in Libië, Syrië en Jemen en is een machtsstrijd gaande tussen soennieten en sjiieten. Tegelijkertijd is het oude economische model op basis van fossiele brandstoffen aan zijn laatste decennia begonnen en werd hernieuwbare energie op sommige domeinen concurrentieel. Het westerse model van ‘democratie' en ‘vrijheid' kwam zelf onder druk, omdat het te veel op een neoliberale leest geschoeid was, en tegenreacties vanuit de bredere maatschappij brachten Trump en Brexit. China promoot dan weer een alternatief model. Zo ontstaat onder andere via het ‘One Belt, One Road'-initiatief een nieuwe race om Eurazië. De auteur wil doorheen al deze verwarring duidelijkheid brengen. Er breekt voor Europa een nieuwe periode aan. Brussel kan het zich in het buitenlands beleid niet langer veroorloven om in exclusieven met de Verenigde Staten te denken. In de nieuwe geopolitiek-multipolaire wereld moet Brussel een balanspolitiek met alle ‘polen' voeren: Washington, Moskou, Beijing, Tokio, Londen,… Met een scherpe geopolitieke analyse bespreekt prof. Criekemans de gevaren en kansen

240 Internationale politiek --- geografie --- International relations. Foreign policy --- politiek --- wereldordening --- internationale politiek --- anno 2010-2019 --- Geopolitiek. --- geopolitiek --- europe --- economie --- belgie --- midden oosten --- rusland --- azie --- verenigde staten --- terrorisme --- géopolitique --- europa --- belgique --- moyen orient --- russie --- asie --- états-unis --- Geopolitiek

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"The Congolese conflict has been dubbed a "forever war," a conflict that defies resolution. As of 2016, the Congo was experiencing its twentieth year of violent conflict, one of worst humanitarian calamities of our time and climbing the all-time charts. According to one study, 5.4 million people have died between 1998 and 2007 alone, largely from disease, though fighting and violence is ongoing to this day. This study aims to explain the most recent phases of the conflict, why it has lasted for so long, where diplomats and peacemakers have gone wrong in their approach to solving the violence, and how the Congo can help us understand contemporary armed conflict more broadly. Using the Congolese conflict as an illustrative case study, the author argues that three factors determine why conflicts there have persisted in some places while dwindling elsewhere: the cohesion, political culture, and constituencies of the belligerents. He finds that the more fragmented the belligerents, the more protracted the conflict becomes, and as they shift to see the conflict as an end in itself and to perceive violence as an acceptable and necessary tool of politics, the longer the conflict lasts. Finally, he develops a theory for how social constituencies shape negotiations between belligerents and the government by providing guarantees, brokering contacts, and presenting commitment problems"--

Civil war --- Civil war. --- Politics and government. --- Since 1997. --- Congo (Democratic Republic) --- Congo (Democratic Republic). --- History --- Politics and government --- Polemology --- anno 1990-1999 --- anno 2000-2009 --- anno 2010-2019 --- Congo --- Civil wars --- Intra-state war --- Rebellions --- Government, Resistance to --- International law --- Revolutions --- War --- #SBIB:39A73 --- #SBIB:328H412 --- #SBIB:327.5H21 --- Etnografie: Afrika --- Instellingen en beleid: Zaïre / Congo --- Vrede - oorlog, oorlogssituaties --- BPB2208 --- civil war --- political violence --- Democratic Republic of the Congo --- Kongon demokraattinen tasavalta --- Demokratická republika Kongo --- Democratische Republiek Congo --- Демократска Република Конго --- Kongo Demokraatlik Vabariik --- Demokratyczna Republika Konga --- Demokratična republika Kongo --- die Demokratische Republik Kongo --- Konžská demokratická republika --- Repubblica democratica del Congo --- Демократична република Конго --- Repubblika Demokratika tal-Kongo --- Poblacht Dhaonlathach an Chongó --- Kongói Demokratikus Köztársaság --- Congo, Republica Democratică --- Congo-Kinshasa --- República Democrática del Congo --- Demokratska Republika Kongo --- Den Demokratiske Republik Congo --- Republika Demokratike e Kongos --- Kongo Demokratinė Respublika --- République démocratique du Congo --- Kongo Demokrātiskā Republika --- Demokratiska republiken Kongo --- Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία του Κονγκό --- Kongo Kinšasa --- Kongo DV --- Kongo (Leopoldville) --- Kongo (býv. Zair) --- Конго Слободна Држава --- Конго Киншаса --- Kinshasa Kongo --- Zair --- Zairas --- Ζαΐρ --- República Democrática do Congo --- Заир --- Κογκό Κινσάσα --- Beļģijas Kongo --- Kinshasa --- Congo Kinshasa --- Конго-Киншаса --- Zaire --- Zaïre --- Republica Congoleză --- Kongo (Kinshasa) --- ex Zaire --- Република Конго (Леополдвил) --- Белгиско Конго --- Zaira --- Kongo-Kinshasa --- Congo belgian --- Kongo Kinshasa --- Kinshasan Kongo --- Kinshasské Kongo --- Zairská republika --- politikai erőszak --- политичко насиље --- politisk vold --- политическо насилие --- poliittinen väkivalta --- poliitiline vägivald --- foréigean polaitiúil --- politinė prievarta --- политичко насилство --- violencia política --- violenza politica --- violence politique --- πολιτική βία --- politiskā vardarbība --- vjolenza politika --- političko nasilje --- politické násilí --- dhunë politike --- politische Gewalt --- przemoc polityczna --- violență politică --- politiek geweld --- politično nasilje --- violência política --- politiskt våld --- politické násilie --- rivoluzione --- револуција --- vallankumous --- forradalom --- atentát --- герила --- Revolution --- guerrilha --- guerile --- Guerillabewegung --- révolution --- revolução --- guerrilla --- guerriglia --- revolutsioon --- gerilla --- gerillaháború --- gherilă --- revolucion --- επανάσταση --- revoluție --- αντάρτικο --- revolúcia --- revolucija --- revolūcija --- partisan --- revoliucija --- revolta --- partizānu karš --- revoluce --- partizanas --- sissi --- guérilla --- revolution --- revolución --- politikai kényszer --- guerilla --- lotta armata --- επαναστατική δράση --- gerila --- revolutie --- občanská válka --- wojna domowa --- burgeroorlog --- εμφύλιος πόλεμος --- državljanska vojna --- гражданска война --- cogadh cathartha --- kodusõda --- Bürgerkrieg --- sisällissota --- borgerkrig --- грађански рат --- pilietinis karas --- guerra civile --- pilsoņu karš --- občianska vojna --- граѓанска војна --- inbördeskrig --- gwerra ċivili --- guerra civil --- polgárháború --- război civil --- luftë civile --- guerre civile --- građanski rat --- vzpoura --- востание --- felkelés --- insurecție --- sukilimas --- insurrection --- povstání --- kapina --- sacelšanās --- lázadás --- guerra interna --- kryengritje --- ustanak --- pobuna --- povstanie --- resistenza --- ülestõus --- Ambiguity. --- Anti-imperialism. --- Apathy. --- Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. --- Assassination. --- Banyarwanda. --- Belligerent. --- Bourgeoisie. --- Bunia. --- Bureaucracy. --- Cannibalism. --- Carl von Clausewitz. --- Censure. --- Code name. --- Colombian conflict. --- Combat. --- Combatant. --- Communal violence. --- Conditionality. --- Conflict resolution. --- Corruption. --- Counter-insurgency. --- Cynicism (contemporary). --- Defeatism. --- Defection. --- Demobilization. --- Desertion. --- Dissident. --- Distrust. --- Ebb and flow. --- Electoral fraud. --- Ethnic conflict. --- Famine. --- First Congo War. --- Foreign Correspondent (TV series). --- Gisenyi. --- Governance. --- Headline. --- Henry Morton Stanley. --- Hewlett-Packard. --- Hostility. --- Humanitarian crisis. --- Hutu. --- Immorality. --- Impunity. --- Information asymmetry. --- Insubordination. --- Insurgency. --- Internally displaced person. --- Intimidation. --- Ituri conflict. --- Joseph Kabila. --- Kigali. --- Kinshasa. --- M23 rebellion. --- Mai-Mai. --- Military academy. --- Military operation. --- Military organization. --- Mixed brigade. --- Mobutu Sese Seko. --- Mongbwalu. --- National Congress for the Defence of the People. --- National Resistance Army. --- National security. --- North Kivu. --- Paganism. --- Paul Kagame. --- Persecution. --- Politician. --- Politics. --- Precedent. --- Protest. --- Provisional government. --- Proxy war. --- Raia Mutomboki. --- Rebel Alliance. --- Rebellion. --- Refugee camp. --- Refugee. --- Reginald Scot. --- Resentment. --- Resignation. --- Rwanda. --- Second Congo War. --- Self-defense. --- Skepticism. --- Smuggling. --- Sri Lankan Civil War. --- The Guns of Navarone (novel). --- Too big to fail. --- Tutsi. --- Uganda People's Defence Force. --- Uganda. --- Unclean spirit. --- Unrest. --- Violence. --- War crime. --- War economy. --- War.