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securite sociale --- union europeenne --- norvege --- sociale zekerheid --- europese unie --- noorwegen --- Social security law --- Norway --- Old age assistance --- Personnes âgées --- Long-term care --- Soins de longue durée --- Protection, assistance, etc. --- Personnes agees dependantes --- Personnes agees dependantes, Services aux --- Personnes agees --- Securite sociale --- Personnes âgées --- Soins de longue durée --- Academic collection --- Age group sociology --- Social policy and particular groups --- European Union --- Older people --- Social security --- Sécurité sociale --- Medical care --- Soins médicaux --- POLITIQUE SOCIALE --- UNION EUROPÉENNE --- Politique sociale

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This study explores the industrial and developing countries use of capital controls since World War II, including their rationales for using them, and describes their experiences with relaxing controls as part of broader liberalization and structural reform efforts. The papers also outlines the potential medium-term costs and benefits of an open capital account and the policy measures that would help sustain capital account convertibility.

International finance --- Capital movements --- Government policy --- Case studies --- -Capital movements --- -AA* / International - Internationaal --- 382.242.0 --- 382.253 --- 339.727.2 <1-772> --- 339.727 --- (100) --- $?$93/07 --- mouvements internationaux des capitaux --- politique monetaire --- marche international financier --- taux de change --- pays industrialises --- pays en voie de developpement --- -330.05 --- 332.041 --- Capital flight --- Capital flows --- Capital inflow --- Capital outflow --- Flight of capital --- Flow of capital --- Movements of capital --- Balance of payments --- Foreign exchange --- -Case studies --- Balans van het kapitaalverkeer: algemeenheden. --- Deviezencontrole (ivm betaligsbalans). --- Internationale kapitaalbeweging. Buitenlandse leningen. Buitenlandse kredieten. Internationale kapitaalbeweging. Buitenlandse investeringen. Kapitaalinvoer. Kapitaaluitvoer. Kapitaalvlucht--Onontwikkelde, onderontwikkelde gebieden --- internationaal kapitaalverkeer --- monetair beleid --- internationale financiele markt --- wisselkoers --- geindustrialiseerde landen --- ontwikkelingslanden --- Working papers --- Case studies. --- Government policy. --- 339.727.2 <1-772> Internationale kapitaalbeweging. Buitenlandse leningen. Buitenlandse kredieten. Internationale kapitaalbeweging. Buitenlandse investeringen. Kapitaalinvoer. Kapitaaluitvoer. Kapitaalvlucht--Onontwikkelde, onderontwikkelde gebieden --- 330.05 --- AA* / International - Internationaal --- Government policy&delete& --- Balans van het kapitaalverkeer: algemeenheden --- Deviezencontrole (ivm betaligsbalans) --- Capital movements - Government policy - Developing countries - Case studies --- Capital movements - Government policy --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- International economics --- Currency --- Capital controls --- Capital account --- Capital account convertibility --- Real exchange rates --- Debts, External --- Investments, Foreign --- United Kingdom

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The developing economies of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) have been the recipients of a considerable volume of capital inflows in the 1990s. Given the increased integration of capital markets, it is not surprising that monetary control became more difficult for many developing APEC economies. Formulating an appropriate policy response has naturally been important. The three papers that make up this Occasional Paper each examine different aspects of these issues.

International finance --- Asia --- Capital movements --- mouvements internationaux des capitaux --- fmi --- apec --- azie --- -Capital movements --- -330.05 --- 332.042 --- Capital flight --- Capital flows --- Capital inflow --- Capital outflow --- Flight of capital --- Flow of capital --- Movements of capital --- Balance of payments --- Foreign exchange --- internationaal kapitaalverkeer --- imf --- asie --- 330.05 --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Finance: General --- Investments: Bonds --- Investments: Stocks --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Pension Funds --- Non-bank Financial Institutions --- Financial Instruments --- Institutional Investors --- Foreign Exchange --- International economics --- Investment & securities --- Banking --- Finance --- Currency --- Capital inflows --- Stock markets --- Commercial banks --- Bonds --- Financial markets --- Financial institutions --- Banks and banking --- Stock exchanges --- Stocks --- Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China

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This paper explores the experience of six countries (Chile, Colombia, Egypt, Mexico, Spain and Thailand) with capital inflows. It illustrates that although capital inflows are usually beneficial, too great an inflow can become a problem and make it difficult for authorities to choose the appropriate policy response.

International finance --- Capital movements --- Economic stabilization --- Economic policy --- Case studies --- -Economic stabilization --- -Economic policy --- -339.72 --- 339.7 --- (100) --- $?$94/03 --- marche international des capitaux --- politique economique --- taux de change --- CL / Chile - Chili --- CO / Colombia - Colombie --- EG / Egypt - Egypte --- ES / Spain - Spanje - Espagne --- MX / Mexico - Mexique --- TH / Thailand - Thailande --- 382.242.0 --- 331.31 --- 336.401 --- 332.042 --- 330.05 --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- National planning --- State planning --- Economics --- Planning --- National security --- Social policy --- Adjustment, Economic --- Business stabilization --- Economic adjustment --- Stabilization, Economic --- Capital flight --- Capital flows --- Capital inflow --- Capital outflow --- Flight of capital --- Flow of capital --- Movements of capital --- Balance of payments --- Foreign exchange --- Internationaal betalingsverkeer. Valutahandel. Wisselmarkten. Deviezenhandel. Internationale kapitaalmarkt. Flow and funds analysis. Betalingsbalans. Internationale geldmarkt. --- internationale kapitaalmarkt --- economisch beleid --- wisselkoers --- Balans van het kapitaalverkeer: algemeenheden. --- Economisch beleid. --- Verband tussen begrotingspolitiek en economische evolutie. --- Working papers --- Case studies. --- 339.72 Internationaal betalingsverkeer. Valutahandel. Wisselmarkten. Deviezenhandel. Internationale kapitaalmarkt. Flow and funds analysis. Betalingsbalans. Internationale geldmarkt. --- 339.72 --- Economisch beleid --- Verband tussen begrotingspolitiek en economische evolutie --- Balans van het kapitaalverkeer: algemeenheden --- Internationaal betalingsverkeer. Valutahandel. Wisselmarkten. Deviezenhandel. Internationale kapitaalmarkt. Flow and funds analysis. Betalingsbalans. Internationale geldmarkt --- Capital movements - Case studies --- Economic stabilization - Case studies --- Economic policy - Case studies --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- Central Banks and Their Policies --- Public Enterprises --- Public-Private Enterprises --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- International economics --- Currency --- Banking --- Monetary economics --- Finance --- Capital inflows --- Current account deficits --- Current account --- Exchange rates --- Sterilization --- Central banks --- Investments, Foreign --- Banks and banking --- Thailand

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Comoros is a small, fragile island state (population: 850,000) with persistently low and shock-prone growth. The last Article IV Consultation (completed in early 2020) assessed Comoros’ fragility as arising from two vicious circles: economic fragility manifests in low fiscal revenue, insufficient government investment in human and physical capital, and pronounced vulnerability to shocks; while institutional fragility manifests in governance challenges, low government implementation capacity, and a weak judicial system. The circles feed into each other, undermining economic performance and stability. Overcoming fragility requires breaking both circles.

Deposit insurance --- Banks and banking --- Financial institutions --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Financial intermediaries --- Lending institutions --- Finance --- Money --- Agricultural banks --- Banking --- Banking industry --- Commercial banks --- Depository institutions --- Insurance --- Bank deposit insurance --- Insurance, Deposit --- Savings insurance --- Evaluation --- State supervision --- Government guaranty of deposits --- International Monetary Fund --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- Business, Economy and Management. --- Economics --- General and Others. --- 330.342.36 --- 341.125 --- #ETEW:TSCAT --- #BS497 --- #ABIB:aleo --- #TS:ABIB --- (06) --- $?$97/04 --- 813 Methodologie --- 822.4 Internationale financiële instellingen --- 825 Ontwikkelingssamenwerking --- 830 Economie --- 837 Financiën en Bankwezen --- economie --- international --- AA / International- internationaal --- AA* / International - Internationaal --- LDC / Developping Countries - Pays En Développement --- 331.31 --- 331.30 --- 338.340 --- 339.115 --- 331.061 --- 304.5 --- 334.151.20 --- 333.481 --- 341.125 Gespecialiseerde organisaties van de v.n. --- 341.125 UNICED. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development --- 341.125 WORLD BANK. Wereldbank --- Gespecialiseerde organisaties van de v.n. --- UNICED. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development --- WORLD BANK. Wereldbank --- 330.342.36 Wereldeconomie --- Wereldeconomie --- internationaal --- Economisch beleid --- Economische toestand --- Algemene ontwikkeling in de Derde Wereld --- Buitenlandse schuld. Debt Equity Swap in LDC --- Economische vooruitzichten --- Techniek van de statistische-econometrische voorspellingen. Prognose in de econometrie --- Economische en monetaire unie van de Europese Gemeenschappen: algemeenheden --- Monetaire crisissen, hervormingen, saneringen en stabilisering --- Economic conditions. Economic development --- International finance --- International economic relations --- Business, Economy and Management --- Social Sciences --- General and Others --- Developmental Issues & Socioeconomic Studies --- Economic history --- Histoire économique --- Periodicals --- Périodiques --- Evaluation. --- Economic forecasting --- Economic conditions --- History, Economic --- Economic development --- Economic development. --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Inflation --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects --- Trade: General --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- International economics --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Exports --- Yield curve --- Long term interest rates --- Short term interest rates --- Prices --- International trade --- Financial services --- Government debt management --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Interest rates --- Balance of payments --- Economic theory --- Debts, Public --- United States --- Foreign Exchange --- Fiscal Policy --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Monetary economics --- Exchange rates --- Currencies --- Fiscal consolidation --- Fiscal policy --- Finance: General --- Production and Operations Management --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Institutions and the Macroeconomy --- HIV/AIDS --- Privatization --- Investment & securities --- Emerging and frontier financial markets --- Oil prices --- Structural reforms --- Productivity --- Asset prices --- Financial markets --- Macrostructural analysis --- Production --- Financial services industry --- Industrial productivity --- Financial Risk Management --- Industries: Financial Services --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Pension Funds --- Non-bank Financial Institutions --- Financial Instruments --- Institutional Investors --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Insurance companies --- Bank deposits --- Bank resolution framework --- Financial crises --- Financial safety nets --- Crisis management --- Malaysia --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Labor Economics: General --- Labor markets --- Unemployment rate --- Labor market --- Labor economics --- Budgeting --- National Budget --- Budget Systems --- Budgeting & financial management --- Public debt --- Budget planning and preparation --- Budget --- Russian Federation --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Public Enterprises --- Public-Private Enterprises --- Civil service & public sector --- Pensions --- Expenditure --- Expenditures, Public --- Revenue --- Finance, Public --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Trade barriers --- Price stabilization --- Commercial policy --- Government policy --- Financial Crises --- Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Business cycles --- Currency crises --- Investments: Energy --- Energy: General --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Imports --- Oil --- Interest payments --- Current account balance --- Commodities --- External debt --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Debt service --- Social Services and Welfare --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Real Estate --- Government Policy --- Provision and Effects of Welfare Program --- Commodity Markets --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Social welfare & social services --- Poverty & precarity --- Property & real estate --- Poverty reduction strategy --- Poverty reduction --- Poverty reduction and development --- Poverty --- Commodity prices --- Income --- National accounts --- Housing --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Debt burden --- Trade balance --- Debt reduction --- Asset and liability management --- Debts, External --- Balance of trade --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Capital inflows --- Potential output --- Capital flows --- Foreign direct investment --- Capital movements --- Investments, Foreign --- Comoros, Union of the --- International Economics --- Diseases: Contagious --- Monetary Policy --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Health Behavior --- International institutions --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Monetary policy --- International organization --- Revenue administration --- COVID-19 --- Health --- International agencies --- Communicable diseases