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The reform of fiscal policies and institutions lies at the heart of structural adjustment in developing countries. Although the immediate aim of such reform is to reduce fiscal imbalances to achieve macroeconomic stability, the long-term goal is to secure more durable improvements in fiscal performance. This study reviews the fiscal reform experience of 36 low-income developing countries that undertook macroeconomic and structural adjustment in the context of the IMF's Structural Adjustment Facility and Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility during the period of 1985-95.

Tax law --- Public finance --- Fiscal policy --- Structural adjustment (Economic policy) --- -Structural adjustment (Economic policy) --- -336.2 <1-773> --- 338.24 <1-773> --- politique fiscale --- mesures fiscales --- pays en voie de developpement --- LDC / Developping Countries - Pays En Développement --- 382.256 --- 338.341.1 --- 336.201 --- 333.432.8 --- 336.3091724 --- 330.05 --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Belastingsakkoorden. Belastingswezen--Gebieden in ontwikkeling. Ontwikkelingslanden --- Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Gebieden in ontwikkeling. Ontwikkelingslanden --- fiscaal beleid --- belastingmaatregelen --- ontwikkelingslanden --- Buitenlandse hulp (betalingsbalans). --- Financiële hulp aan de Derde Wereld. --- Fiscaal regime: structuur en evolutie. Fiscale hervorming. --- Internationale monetaire organisatie. Internationaal Muntfonds. Algemene leningovereenkomsten. --- Government policy --- Working papers --- 338.24 <1-773> Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Gebieden in ontwikkeling. Ontwikkelingslanden --- 336.2 <1-773> Belastingen. Belastingswezen. Openbare financien. Belastingspolitiek. Belastingstheorie. Belastingsharmonisatie. Fiskale politiek. Belastingsleer. Belastingsdruk. Belastingstechniek. Belastingsstelsel.Belastingstarief--Gebieden in ontwikkeling. Ontwikkelingslanden --- 336.2 <1-773> Belastingsakkoorden. Belastingswezen--Gebieden in ontwikkeling. Ontwikkelingslanden --- Belastingen. Belastingswezen. Openbare financien. Belastingspolitiek. Belastingstheorie. Belastingsharmonisatie. Fiskale politiek. Belastingsleer. Belastingsdruk. Belastingstechniek. Belastingsstelsel.Belastingstarief--Gebieden in ontwikkeling. Ontwikkelingslanden --- 336.2 <1-773> --- Internationale monetaire organisatie. Internationaal Muntfonds. Algemene leningovereenkomsten --- Fiscaal regime: structuur en evolutie. Fiscale hervorming --- Financiële hulp aan de Derde Wereld --- Buitenlandse hulp (betalingsbalans) --- Fiscal policy - Developing countries --- Structural adjustment (Economic policy) - Developing countries --- Banks and Banking --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Statistics --- Labor --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- Public finance & taxation --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Banking --- Civil service & public sector --- Revenue administration --- Expenditure --- Consumption taxes --- Taxes on trade --- Capital spending --- Taxes --- Current spending --- Tax administration core functions --- Expenditures, Public --- Spendings tax --- Revenue --- Capital investments --- Tax administration and procedure --- Kyrgyz Republic

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China encountered problems preserving economic stability while pursuing reforms aimed at increasing its economic flexibility and efficiency. This paper examines China's experience with market-oriented reforms since 1978, offering lessons for other centrally planned economies in the midst of transition to free markets.

Taxes --- Economic policy and planning (general) --- Money. Monetary policy --- China --- Fiscal policy --- Monetary policy --- Economic policy --- CN / China - Chine --- 331.31 --- 331.30 --- 331.33 --- 331.32 --- 338.26 <510> --- 338.24 <510> --- chine --- politique economique --- politique fiscale --- politique monetaire --- reforme economique --- -Fiscal policy --- -330.05 --- 338.951 --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Finance, Public --- Monetary management --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Economisch beleid. --- Economische toestand. --- Structureel beleid. Reglementering. Dereglementering. Ordnungspolitik. --- Structuur van de economie. --- Economische planning. Nationale plannen. Ontwikkelingsplannen. Meerjarenplannen. Plattelandsontwikkeling. Rural development. Kosten-batenanlyse--?<510> --- Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--?<510> --- china --- economisch beleid --- fiscaal beleid --- monetair beleid --- economische hervorming --- Government policy --- -Working papers --- 338.24 <510> Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--?<510> --- 338.26 <510> Economische planning. Nationale plannen. Ontwikkelingsplannen. Meerjarenplannen. Plattelandsontwikkeling. Rural development. Kosten-batenanlyse--?<510> --- Cina --- Kinë --- Cathay --- Chinese National Government --- Chung-kuo kuo min cheng fu --- Republic of China (1912-1949) --- Kuo min cheng fu (China : 1912-1949) --- Chung-hua min kuo (1912-1949) --- Kina (China) --- National Government (1912-1949) --- China (Republic : 1912-1949) --- People's Republic of China --- Chinese People's Republic --- Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo --- Central People's Government of Communist China --- Chung yang jen min cheng fu --- Chung-hua chung yang jen min kung ho kuo --- Central Government of the People's Republic of China --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Zhong hua ren min gong he guo --- Kitaĭskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Činská lidová republika --- RRT --- Republik Rakjat Tiongkok --- KNR --- Kytaĭsʹka Narodna Respublika --- Jumhūriyat al-Ṣīn al-Shaʻbīyah --- RRC --- Kitaĭ --- Kínai Népköztársaság --- Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku --- Erets Sin --- Sin --- Sāthāranarat Prachāchon Čhīn --- P.R. China --- PR China --- Chung-kuo --- Zhongguo --- Zhonghuaminguo (1912-1949) --- Zhong guo --- Chine --- République Populaire de Chine --- República Popular China --- Catay --- VR China --- VRChina --- 中國 --- 中国 --- 中华人民共和国 --- Jhongguó --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaxu Dundadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Dumdadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- Khi︠a︡tad --- Kitad --- Dumdadu Ulus --- Dumdad Uls --- Думдад Улс --- Kitajska --- 330.05 --- Economische toestand --- Economisch beleid --- Structuur van de economie --- Structureel beleid. Reglementering. Dereglementering. Ordnungspolitik --- Working papers --- Fiscal policy - China --- Monetary policy - China --- China - Economic policy - 1976 --- -Monetary policy --- Foreign Exchange --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Exports and Imports --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Fiscal Policy --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Monetary economics --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Finance --- Expenditure --- Credit --- Prices --- Money --- Expenditures, Public --- China, People's Republic of

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This paper summarizes the authorities’ stabilization efforts, how these efforts were subsequently reinforced by certain key structural reforms, and other related developments that help explain the remarkable performance of the Dominican Republic’s economy in the 1990s during which the country achieved one of the highest output growth rates in Latin America, combined with low inflation, and a much improved external debt profile. The authorities often resorted to external arrears as a means of financing the external current account deficits of the 1980s. Although rescheduling agreements were reached with the international banking community and with the Paris Club of official creditors in the mid-1980s, they met with limited success until the authorities embarked on their stabilization program of the early 1990s. Large and persistent fiscal deficits represented a significant burden for monetary policy. Although at the beginning of the decade more than half of the public deficit was financed by foreign loans, episodes of default on external and domestic government debt led to a progressive drying up of these sources of financing.

Dominican Republic --- economische indicatoren --- hervorming --- amerique latine --- 338.97293 --- latijns amerika --- Economic policy and planning (general) --- Economic conditions --- Economic policy --- Economic policy. --- 330.05 --- croissance economique --- politique economique --- situation economique --- economisch beleid --- monetair beleid --- economische groei --- economische toestand --- Dominican Republic - Economic conditions - 1961 --- -Dominican Republic - Economic policy --- Exports and Imports --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Taxation --- Production and Operations Management --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Macroeconomics --- Monetary economics --- Banking --- Revenue administration --- Tariffs --- External debt --- Arrears --- Public investment and public-private partnerships (PPP) --- Taxes --- Public sector --- Economic sectors --- Debts, External --- Revenue --- Industrial productivity --- Money supply --- Tariff

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In this book, Yasheng Huang makes a provocative claim: the large absorption of foreign direct investment (FDI) by China is a sign of some substantial weaknesses in the Chinese economy. The primary benefits associated with China's FDI inflows are concerned with the privatization functions supplied by foreign firms, venture capital provisions to credit-constrained private entrepreneurs, and promotion of interregional capital mobility. Huang argues that one should ask why domestic firms cannot supply the same functions. China's partial reforms, while successful in increasing the scope of the market, have so far failed to address many allocative inefficiencies in the Chinese economy.

S10/0430 --- S10/0641 --- S10/0251 --- investissements etrangers --- developpement economique --- reforme economique --- chine --- Investments, Foreign --- -Capital exports --- Capital imports --- FDI (Foreign direct investment) --- Foreign direct investment --- Foreign investment --- Foreign investments --- International investment --- Offshore investments --- Outward investments --- Capital movements --- Investments --- China: Economics, industry and commerce--Investment --- China: Economics, industry and commerce--Foreign trade and economic relations: since 1989 --- China: Economics, industry and commerce--General works and economic history: since 1989 --- buitenlandse investeringen --- economische ontwikkeling --- economische hervorming --- china --- China --- Economic conditions --- -S10/0430 --- Cina --- Kinë --- Cathay --- Chinese National Government --- Chung-kuo kuo min cheng fu --- Republic of China (1912-1949) --- Kuo min cheng fu (China : 1912-1949) --- Chung-hua min kuo (1912-1949) --- Kina (China) --- National Government (1912-1949) --- China (Republic : 1912-1949) --- People's Republic of China --- Chinese People's Republic --- Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo --- Central People's Government of Communist China --- Chung yang jen min cheng fu --- Chung-hua chung yang jen min kung ho kuo --- Central Government of the People's Republic of China --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Zhong hua ren min gong he guo --- Kitaĭskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Činská lidová republika --- RRT --- Republik Rakjat Tiongkok --- KNR --- Kytaĭsʹka Narodna Respublika --- Jumhūriyat al-Ṣīn al-Shaʻbīyah --- RRC --- Kitaĭ --- Kínai Népköztársaság --- Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku --- Erets Sin --- Sin --- Sāthāranarat Prachāchon Čhīn --- P.R. China --- PR China --- Chung-kuo --- Zhongguo --- Zhonghuaminguo (1912-1949) --- Zhong guo --- Chine --- République Populaire de Chine --- República Popular China --- Catay --- VR China --- VRChina --- 中國 --- 中国 --- 中华人民共和国 --- Jhongguó --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaxu Dundadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Dumdadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- Khi︠a︡tad --- Kitad --- Dumdadu Ulus --- Dumdad Uls --- Думдад Улс --- Kitajska --- -Investments, Foreign --- Investments [Foreign ] --- 1976-2000 --- Social Sciences --- Political Science

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Is China a rogue donor, as some media pundits suggest? Or is China helping the developing world pave a pathway out of poverty, as the Chinese claim? In the last few years, China's aid program has leapt out of the shadows. Media reports about huge aid packages, support for pariah regimes, regiments of Chinese labor, and the ruthless exploitation of workers and natural resources in some of the poorest countries in the world sparked fierce debates. These debates, however, took placewith very few hard facts. China's tradition of secrecy about its aid fueled rumors and speculation, making it diffic

Economic assistance, Chinese --- Aide économique chinoise --- Africa --- Afrique --- Politics and government --- Economic conditions --- Politique et gouvernement --- Conditions économiques --- Economic conditions. --- S20110221.jpg --- China --- Afrika --- 405.2 --- 406 --- Aide économique chinoise --- Conditions économiques --- Africa - Economic conditions. --- Africa - Politics and government - 1960-. --- Economic assistance, Chinese - Africa. --- CN / China - Chine --- S10/0688 --- S09/0800 --- #SBIB:327H18 --- #SBIB:328H52 --- chine --- investissements etrangers --- afrique --- politique étrangère générale --- China: Economics, industry and commerce--Africa-China economic relations --- China: Foreign relations and world politics--China and Africa --- Buitenlandse politiek: Azië --- Instellingen en beleid: China --- china --- buitenlandse investeringen --- afrika --- buitenlandse politiek algemeen --- Chinese economic assistance --- AFR / Africa - Afrika - Afrique --- 339.113 --- 338.340 --- 338.8 --- 327.1 --- #SBIB:327.4H74 --- economisch beleid --- Buitenlandse investeringen. --- Algemene ontwikkeling in de Derde Wereld. --- Economische groei. --- Buitenlandse politiek. Economische sancties. --- Ontwikkelingshulp en -samenwerking --- politique economique --- International economic relations --- Politics and government. --- Buitenlandse politiek. Economische sancties --- Algemene ontwikkeling in de Derde Wereld --- Economische groei --- Buitenlandse investeringen --- Foreign economic relations --- E-books --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Cina --- Kinë --- Cathay --- Chinese National Government --- Chung-kuo kuo min cheng fu --- Republic of China (1912-1949) --- Kuo min cheng fu (China : 1912-1949) --- Chung-hua min kuo (1912-1949) --- Kina (China) --- National Government (1912-1949) --- China (Republic : 1912-1949) --- People's Republic of China --- Chinese People's Republic --- Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo --- Central People's Government of Communist China --- Chung yang jen min cheng fu --- Chung-hua chung yang jen min kung ho kuo --- Central Government of the People's Republic of China --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Zhong hua ren min gong he guo --- Kitaĭskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Činská lidová republika --- RRT --- Republik Rakjat Tiongkok --- KNR --- Kytaĭsʹka Narodna Respublika --- Jumhūriyat al-Ṣīn al-Shaʻbīyah --- RRC --- Kitaĭ --- Kínai Népköztársaság --- Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku --- Erets Sin --- Sin --- Sāthāranarat Prachāchon Čhīn --- P.R. China --- PR China --- Chung-kuo --- Zhongguo --- Zhonghuaminguo (1912-1949) --- Zhong guo --- Chine --- République Populaire de Chine --- República Popular China --- Catay --- VR China --- VRChina --- 中國 --- 中国 --- 中华人民共和国 --- Jhongguó --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaxu Dundadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Dumdadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- Khi︠a︡tad --- Kitad --- Dumdadu Ulus --- Dumdad Uls --- Думдад Улс --- Kitajska --- China (Republic : 1949- ) --- PRC --- P.R.C. --- BNKhAU --- БНХАУ --- Economic assistance, Chinese - Africa --- Africa - Politics and government - 1960 --- -Africa - Economic conditions. --- Africa - Economic conditions