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Investigating the incessant technology growth and the even higher complexity of engineering systems, one of the crucial requirements to confidently steer both scientific and industrial challenges is to identify an appropriate measurement approach. A general process can be considered effective and under control if the following elements are consciously and cyclically managed: numeric target, adequate tools, output analysis, and corrective actions. The role of metrology is to rigorously harmonize this virtuous circle, providing guidance in terms of instruments, standards, and techniques to improve the robustness and the accuracy of the results. This book is designed to offer an interdisciplinary experience into the science of measurement, not only covering high-level measurement strategies but also supplying analytical details and experimental setups.

Metrology. --- Science --- Measurement --- Weights and measures --- Engineering --- Physical Sciences --- Engineering and Technology --- Electrical and Electronic Engineering --- Metrology

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About 15% of the world's population lives with some form of disability, of whom 2-4% experience significant difficulties in functioning. The global disability prevalence is higher than previous WHO estimates, which date from the 1970s and suggested a figure of around 10%. This global estimate for disability is on the rise due to population ageing and the rapid spread of chronic diseases, as well as improvements in the methodologies used to measure disability. Provides the first global estimates of persons with disabilities in 40 years and an overview of the status of disability in the world. New research shows that almost one-fifth of the estimated global total of persons living with disabilities, or between 110-190 million, encounter significant difficulties. The report stresses that few countries have adequate mechanisms in place to respond to the needs of people with disabilities. Barriers include stigma and discrimination, lack of adequate health care and rehabilitation services; and inaccessible transport, buildings and information and communication technologies. As a result, people with disabilities experience poorer health, lower educational achievements, fewer economic opportunities and higher rates of poverty than people without disabilities. Reviews evidence about the situation of people with disabilities around the world. Following chapters on understanding disability and measuring disability, the report contains topic-specific chapters on health; rehabilitation; assistance and support; enabling environments; education; and employment. Within each chapter, there is a discussion of the barriers confronted, and case studies showing how countries have succeeded in addressing these by promoting good practice. In its final chapter, the report offers nine concrete recommendations for policy and practice which if put in place could lead to real improvements in the lives of people with disability.

Weights and measures --- Names --- Weights and Measures --- Standards --- standards --- Units --- Metric system --- Metrologie (Maateenheden, symbolen) --- Measurement, Units of --- Physics --- International metric system --- International system of units --- SI (Weights and measures) --- SI-metric --- Métrologie (Unités de mesures, symboles) --- Metric system. --- Units of measurement. --- Names. --- standards. --- Units of measurement --- Barrier-free design --- People with disabilities --- Handicapped services --- Disability law --- Supported employment --- Persons --- Disabilities --- Sociology of disability --- Cripples --- Disabled --- Disabled people --- Disabled persons --- Handicapped --- Handicapped people --- Individuals with disabilities --- People with physical disabilities --- Persons with disabilities --- Physically challenged people --- Physically disabled people --- Physically handicapped --- Building laws --- Law and legislation --- Civil rights --- Education --- Employment --- Legal status, laws, etc --- Rehabilitation --- Services for --- Mesures physiques --- Unites de mesure --- Sciences --- Normes --- Abreviations

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This Special Issue covers symmetry and asymmetry phenomena occurring in real-life problems. We invited authors to submit their theoretical or experimental research presenting engineering and economic problem solution models dealing with the symmetry or asymmetry of different types of information. The issue gained interest in the research community and received many submissions. After rigorous scientific evaluation by editors and reviewers, nine papers were accepted and published. The authors proposed different MADM and MODM solution models as integrated tools to find a balance between the components of sustainable global development, to find a symmetry axis concerning goals, risks, and constraints to cope with the complicated problems. Most approaches suggested decision models under uncertainty, combining the usual decision-making methods with interval-valued fuzzy or rough sets theory, also Z numbers. The application fields of the proposed models involved both problems of technological sciences and social sciences. The papers cover three essential areas: engineering, economy, and management. We hope that a summary of the Special Issue as provided here will encourage a detailed analysis of the papers included in the Printed Edition.

rough sets --- interval type-2 fuzzy set (IT2FS) --- resources distribution --- the criteria of the weights --- public management --- Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) --- multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) --- symmetry of the method --- quadcopter --- transaction cost --- full fuzzy environment --- dual generalized geometric Bonferroni mean (DGGBM) operator --- data logger --- information theory --- control system --- salvage value --- nonlinear dynamics --- pattern formation --- oscillations --- stability --- Pythagorean fuzzy set --- FAHP --- fuzzy sets --- group decision-making --- generalized Bonferroni mean (GBM) operator --- probabilistic systems analysis --- economic decisions --- 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic numbers set (2TLNNSs) --- evaluating the quality of distant courses --- subjective weights --- Z-numbers --- green supplier selection --- dual generalized Bonferroni mean (DGBM) operator --- normal cloud --- thrust --- sensor --- neutrosophic numbers --- MCDM --- Bayes’ theorem --- optimal dividend --- logistics --- measurement --- hybrid MCDM --- combining the weights --- data envelopment analysis --- criteria weights --- multiple attribute decision making (MADM) --- IDOCRIW --- excess-of-loss reinsurance --- fuzzy efficiency --- multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) --- MCGDM --- transport --- backward cloud transformation --- engineering problems --- rough ARAS --- capital injection --- performance --- Bonferroni mean (BM) operator --- green supply chain management --- population sizes --- hybrid problem solution models --- criteria weight assessment

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The Large-Scale Structure of Inductive Inference investigates the relations of inductive support on the large scale, among the totality of facts comprising a science or science in general. These relations form a massively entangled, non-hierarchical structure which is discovered by making hypotheses provisionally that are later supported by facts drawn from the entirety of the science. What results is a benignly circular, self-supporting inductive structure in which universal rules are not employed, the classical Humean problem cannot be formulated and analogous regress arguments fail. The earlier volume, The Material Theory of Induction, proposed that individual inductive inferences are warranted not by universal rules but by facts particular to each context. This book now investigates how the totality of these inductive inferences interact in a mature science. Each fact that warrants an individual inductive inference is in turn supported inductively by other facts. Numerous case studies in the history of science support, and illustrate further, those claims. This is a novel, thoroughly researched, and sustained remedy to the enduring failures of formal approaches to inductive inference.With The Large-Scale Structure of Inductive Inference, author John D. Norton presents a novel, thoroughly researched, and sustained remedy to the enduring failures of formal approaches of inductive inference.

Induction (Logic) --- Dalton, Cannizzaro, atomic weights. --- Hume’s problem. --- Induction. --- Newton on Gravitation. --- atomic spectra. --- circularity. --- deductive inference. --- dowsing. --- history of planetary distances. --- hypothesis. --- inductive inference. --- local theory. --- radiocarbon dating. --- recession of the nebulae. --- regress. --- self-supporting. --- stock market prediction. --- the problem of induction.

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This book presents selected entropy-based applications in economics, finance and management research. The high-quality studies included in this book propose and discuss new tools and concepts derived from information theory to investigate various aspects of entropy with an assortment of applications. A wide variety of tools based on entropy confirms that entropy is potentially one of the most intricate scientific concepts. Such tools as Shannon entropy, transfer entropy, sample entropy, structural entropy, maximum entropy, fuzzy classification methods, chaos tools, etc., are utilized, and many topics in the fields of economics, finance and management are investigated. Among others, these topics comprise: market clustering, market microstructure, cryptocurrency market, market efficiency and regularity, risk spillovers, credit cycles, financial networks, income inequality, market relationships, causal inference in time series, group decision making, etc.

Information technology industries --- Computer science --- crowded trading --- tail-risk --- financial stability --- entropy --- market microstructure --- dimensions of market liquidity --- market depth --- high-frequency data --- intra-day seasonality --- bond market --- fixed income security --- risk spillovers --- structural entropy --- generalized variance decomposition --- complex network --- credit-to-GDP gap --- coherence --- similarity --- synchronicity --- Central and Eastern European countries --- cryptocurrencies --- mutual information --- transfer entropy --- dynamic time warping --- interval numbers --- MCGDM --- TOPSIS --- objective weights --- financial markets --- monetary policy --- networks --- fuzzy c-means classification method --- COVID-19 --- epidemic states --- Europe --- stock market --- market connectedness --- crisis --- nonlinear dynamics --- chaos --- butterfly effect --- energy futures --- Mean Logarithmic Deviation --- Shannon entropy --- income inequality --- household income --- decomposition of income inequality --- EU-SILC --- Rényi entropy --- Rényi transfer entropy --- Rössler system --- multivariate time series --- Sample Entropy (SampEn) --- stock market index --- regularity --- predictability --- Global Financial Crisis --- rolling-window --- n/a --- Rényi entropy --- Rényi transfer entropy --- Rössler system