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Concerns relating to energy supply and climate change have driven renewable energy targets around the world. Marine renewable energy could make a significant contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the consequences of climate change, while providing a high-technology industry. The conversion of wave and tidal energy into electricity has many advantages. Individual tidal and wave energy devices have been installed and proven, with commercial arrays planned throughout the world. The wave and tidal energy industry has developed rapidly in the past few years; therefore, it seems timely to review current research and map future challenges. Methods to improve understanding of the resource and interactions (between energy extraction, the resource and the environment) are considered, such as resource characterisation (including electricity output), design considerations (e.g., extreme and fatigue loadings) and environmental impacts, at all timescales (ranging from turbulence to decadal) and all spatial scales (from device and array scales to shelf sea scales).

tide-surge-wave model --- Taiwanese waters --- sea-state hindcast --- wave power --- wave energy --- unstructured grid model --- resource characterization --- WaveWatch III --- SWAN --- tidal energy --- experimental testing --- acoustic Doppler profiler --- Strangford Lough --- dc-dc bidirectional converter --- finite control set-model predictive control (FCS-MPC) --- oscillating water column (OWC) --- supercapacitor energy storage (SCES) --- wave climate variability --- wavelet analysis --- teleconnection patterns --- marine renewable energy --- ocean energy --- environmental effects --- wave modeling --- wave propagation --- numerical modeling --- sediment dynamics --- risk assessment --- marine current energy --- spiral involute blade --- hydrodynamic analysis --- numerical simulation --- wave energy trends --- reanalysis wave data --- Chilean coast --- renewable energy --- wave energy converters --- annual mean power production --- wave energy converter --- transmission coefficient --- absorption --- surfing amenity --- resource --- impact assessment --- feasibility study --- floating offshore wave farm --- WEC --- IRR --- LCOE --- marine energy --- unmanned ocean device --- multi-type floating bodies --- nonlinear Froude-Krylov force --- energy efficiency