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This special issue book includes 10 original research papers that discuss and solve some problems of ore-forming processes in magmatic and hydrothermal systems. Some of these papers in the issue deal with experimental and thermodynamical modeling, while the others are devoted to analytical geochemistry, geochronology and genesis of some ore occurrences. I hope that these papers will be useful for scientists who work on the fundamental problems of ore-forming processes and the genesis of ore deposits, and will provide new ideas for future research.

sources of ore components and fluids --- physico-chemical parameters --- thermodynamic modeling --- ore-forming processes --- experimental investigations --- re deposit genesis

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This Special Issue on “LCA of Energy Systems” contains inspiring contributions on assessing the sustainability of novel technologies destined to shape the future of our energy sector. These include battery-based and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, geothermal energy, hydropower, biomass gasification, national electricity systems, and waste incineration. The analysis of trends and singularities will be invaluable to product designers, engineers, and policy makers. Furthermore, these exercises also contribute to refining the life cycle framework and harmonizing methodological decisions. Our hope is that this should be a step toward promoting the use of science and knowledge to shape a better world for everyone.

life cycle assessment --- battery electric vehicle (BEV) --- plug-in electric vehicle --- energy --- greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions --- thermodynamic modeling --- exergy --- e-waste --- secondary copper smelting --- precious metal recovery --- printed circuit board --- coalbed methane development --- risk assessment --- structural entropy weight method --- matter-element extension method --- LCA --- Spain --- renewables --- electricity --- sustainability --- carbon footprint --- employment --- LCOE --- CHP --- biomass --- gasification --- SOFC --- allocation --- multifunctionality --- geothermal energy --- flash technology --- Bagnore power plant --- pedigree matrix --- carbon dioxide capture --- activated carbon --- environmental impacts --- IGCC --- carbon capture economy --- stirling cycle-based heat pump --- gas/oil-fired boilers --- SimaPro --- eco-indicator 99 --- life cycle impact assessment --- distance-to-target weighting --- ecological scarcity --- renewable electricity and heat generation --- decentralized energy system

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It is widely believed that a large proportion of greenhouse gas emissions originated anthropogenically from the use of fossil fuels with additional contributions coming from manufactured materials, deforestation, soil erosion, and agriculture (including livestock). The global society actively supports measures to create a flexible and low-carbon energy economy to attenuate climate change and its devastating environmental consequences. In this Special Issue, the recent advancements in the next-generation thermochemical conversion processes for solid fuels and renewable energies (e.g., the operational flexibility of co-combustion of biomass and lignite, integrated solar combined cycle power plants, and advanced gasification systems such as the sorption-enhanced gasification and the chemical looping gasification) were shown.

hydrochar --- hydrothermal carbonization --- biogas upgrading --- CO2 capture --- pressure swing adsorption --- gasification --- kinetic model --- conversion model --- reaction model --- low-rank coal --- tar absorption --- process simulation --- validation study --- sensitivity analyses --- lignite --- lignite gasification --- fluidized-bed gasifier --- olivine --- solar cooling --- solar cooling system --- TRNSYS --- absorption chiller --- performance and analysis --- solar energy --- chemical looping --- biomass gasification --- process control --- CO2 absorption --- experimental study --- energy analysis --- exergy analysis --- CSP --- PTC --- ISCC --- power plant --- CFB combustion --- operational flexibility --- load transients --- fluctuating electricity generation --- renewables --- one-dimensional SEG model --- dual fluidized bed --- sorbent deactivation --- hydrodynamics --- kinetics --- fuel feeding rate --- biomass --- thermochemical conversion technologies --- combustion --- carbon capture and storage/utilization --- solar-driven air-conditioning --- integrated solar combined cycle --- energy and exergy analyses --- thermodynamic modeling --- dynamic process simulation

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Based on 19 high-quality articles, this Special Issue presents methods for further improving the currently achievable recycling rate, product quality in terms of focused elements, and approaches for the enhanced mobilization of lithium, graphite, and electrolyte components. In particular, the target of early-stage Li removal is a central point of various research approaches in the world, which has been reported, for example, under the names early-stage lithium recovery (ESLR process) with or without gaseous CO2 and supercritical CO2 leaching (COOL process). Furthermore, many more approaches are present in this Special Issue, ranging from robotic disassembly and the dismantling of Li‐ion batteries, or the optimization of various pyro‐ and hydrometallurgical as well as combined battery recycling processes for the treatment of conventional Li‐ion batteries, all the way to an evaluation of the recycling on an industrial level. In addition to the consideration of Li distribution in compounds of a Li2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-CaO system, Li recovery from battery slags is also discussed. The development of suitable recycling strategies of six new battery systems, such as all-solid-state batteries, but also lithium–sulfur batteries, is also taken into account here. Some of the articles also discuss the fact that battery recycling processes do not have to produce end products such as high-purity battery materials, but that the aim should be to find an “entry point” into existing, proven large-scale industrial processes. Participants in this Special Issue originate from 18 research institutions from eight countries.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Mining technology & engineering --- lead-acid battery recycling --- pyrite cinder treatment --- lead bullion --- sulfide matte --- SO2 emissions --- pilot plant --- environmental technologies --- waste treatment --- recycling --- spent lithium-ion batteries --- recycling chain --- process stages --- unit processes --- industrial recycling technologies --- mechanical treatment --- slag cleaning --- cobalt --- nickel --- manganese --- lithium-ion battery --- circular economy --- batteries --- reuse --- disassembly --- safety --- lithium minerals --- lithium slag characterization --- thermochemical modeling --- critical raw materials --- smelting --- lithium --- graphite --- mechanical processing --- pyrometallurgy --- thermal treatment --- pyrolysis --- hydrometallurgy --- precipitation --- oxalic acid --- mixed oxalate --- battery recycling --- lithium–sulfur batteries --- metallurgical recycling --- metal recovery --- recycling efficiency --- lithium-ion batteries --- all-solid-state batteries --- slag --- leaching --- dry digestion --- fractionation --- tubular centrifuge --- rotational speed control --- particle size analysis --- lithium iron phosphate --- LFP --- carbon black --- direct battery recycling --- recovery --- thermodynamic modeling --- engineered artificial minerals (EnAM) --- melt experiments --- PXRD --- EPMA --- manganese recovery --- solvent extraction --- D2EHPA --- factorial design of experiments --- lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) --- lithium removal --- phosphorous removal --- recovery of valuable metals --- carbonation --- lithium phase transformation --- autoclave --- supercritical CO2 --- X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) --- powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) --- electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) --- lithium recycling --- lithium batteries --- black mass --- LIB --- mechanical recycling processes --- battery generation --- solid state batteries --- robotic disassembly --- electric vehicle battery --- task planner --- n/a --- lithium-sulfur batteries