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We are living in a critical time, both for humanity and the planet, which has led us to look for more sustainable formulas to interact with the environment. One of the important changes in the design and operation of chemical processes is the search for environmentally friendly technologies. Supercritical carbon dioxide has been revealed as a promising environmentally friendly solvent that is energy efficient, selective and capable of reducing waste, making it a promising alternative to conventional organic solvents. However, reliable and versatile mathematical models of phase equilibrium thermodynamics are needed for the use of supercritical carbon dioxide in process design and viability studies. This book reviews experimental procedures for obtaining high-pressure phase equilibria data and describes the phase diagrams of binary mixtures and some thermodynamic models capable of determining the conditions of phase equilibria at high pressures. These concepts are applied to the components of the transesterification reaction of rac-2-pentanol with a vinyl ester, which is important in the pharmaceutical industry because (S)-2-pentanol can be obtained as a reaction product. This product is a key intermediate in the synthesis of drugs against Alzheimer's disease.

Liquid carbon dioxide. --- Phase transformations (Statistical physics) --- Supercritical fluid extraction.

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This Special Issue is a compilation of the recent advances in thermal fluid engineering related to supercritical CO2 power cycle development. The supercritical CO2 power cycle is considered to be one of the most promising power cycles for distributed power generation, waste heat recovery, and a topping cycle of coal, nuclear, and solar thermal heat sources. While the cycle benefits from dramatic changes in CO2 thermodynamic properties near the critical point, design, and analysis of the power cycle and its major components also face certain challenges due to the strong real gas effect and extreme operating conditions. This Special Issue will present a series of recent research results in heat transfer and fluid flow analyses and experimentation so that the accumulated knowledge can accelerate the development of this exciting future power cycle technology.

emergency diesel generator --- supercritical carbon dioxide cycle --- waste heat recovery system --- bottoming cycle --- re-compression Brayton cycle --- carbon dioxide --- supercritical --- thermodynamic --- exergy --- cycle simulation --- design point analysis --- radial-inflow turbine --- supercritical carbon dioxide --- air --- rotor solidity --- aerodynamic performance --- centrifugal compressor --- aerodynamic optimization design --- numerical simulation --- radial turbine --- utility-scale --- turbomachinery design --- NET Power --- supercritical CO2 --- heat exchanger --- flow analysis --- thermal stress analysis --- LCoE --- CSP --- concentrated-solar power --- axial turbine design --- micro-scale turbomachinery design --- n/a

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This book provides a collection of research and review articles useful for researchers, engineers, students and industry experts in the bioenergy field. The practical and valuable information can be utilized for developing and implementing renewable energy projects, selecting different waste feedstocks, technologies, and products. A detailed insight into advanced technologies such as hydrothermal liquefaction, torrefaction, and supercritical CO2 extraction for making sustainable biofuels and chemicals is provided. A case study on food waste-to-energy valorization processes in Latin America provides experts’ insights to promote a circular economy.

Koelreuteria paniculata biodiesel --- non-edible feedstock --- transesterification --- physicochemical characterization --- optimization --- phenol --- hydrogenation --- Ni/CNT --- cyclohexanol --- transfer hydrogenation --- microalga --- fatty acid --- Vietnam --- Nannochloropsis --- Desmodesmus --- lignocellulosic --- bio-oil --- biocrude --- upgrading --- supercritical extraction --- supercritical CO2 --- hydrotreatment --- biorefinery --- pyrolysis --- hydrothermal liquefaction --- torrefaction --- oats --- maize --- straw --- biochar --- centralized waste valorization --- lifecycle thinking --- AHP --- side flow --- anaerobic digestion --- composting --- rice straw --- bio-crude --- methanol --- phenols --- esters --- energy-consumption ratio

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Nanostructured zinc oxide materials are capturing a great deal of interest thanks to their outstanding and multifunctional properties, enabling broad series of intervention in the field of nanomedicine. ZnO can be easily prepared in a broad variety of shapes and shows anticancer and antimicrobial properties that are of interest for tissue engineering, controlled delivery of therapeutics, and even theranostics. This book is thus dedicated to the most recent advances in the field, presented as a collection of research papers and reviews. It spans from the synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanomaterials to their applications in the nanomedicine field, ranging from anticancer nanotherapeutics to dental implants and antibacterial agents.

ZnO nanoparticles --- Quantum dots --- theranostic --- drug delivery --- anti-tumour --- diabetes treatment --- anti-inflammation --- antibacterial --- antifungal --- wound healing --- denture stomatitis --- polymethylmethacrylate --- zinc oxide nanoparticles --- Candida albicans --- mesoporous glasses --- ZnO-additions --- osteostatin loading --- osteosteoblast cell cultures --- osteogenic effect --- zinc oxide --- microwave solvothermal synthesis --- hydrodynamic size --- surface chemistry --- nanocrystals --- cell cytotoxicity --- Supercritical CO2 --- ibuprofen --- NsZnO --- antimicrobial activity --- n/a

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Faced with an ever-growing resource scarcity and environmental regulations, the last 30 years have witnessed the rapid development of various renewable power sources, such as wind, tidal, and solar power generation. The variable and uncertain nature of these resources is well-known, while the utilization of power electronic converters presents new challenges for the stability of the power grid. Consequently, various control and operational strategies have been proposed and implemented by the industry and research community, with a growing requirement for flexibility and load regulation placed on conventional thermal power generation. Against this background, the modelling and control of conventional thermal engines, such as those based on diesel and gasoline, are experiencing serious obstacles when facing increasing environmental concerns. Efficient control that can fulfill the requirements of high efficiency, low pollution, and long durability is an emerging requirement. The modelling, simulation, and control of thermal energy systems are key to providing innovative and effective solutions. Through applying detailed dynamic modelling, a thorough understanding of the thermal conversion mechanism(s) can be achieved, based on which advanced control strategies can be designed to improve the performance of the thermal energy system, both in economic and environmental terms. Simulation studies and test beds are also of great significance for these research activities prior to proceeding to field tests. This Special Issue will contribute a practical and comprehensive forum for exchanging novel research ideas or empirical practices that bridge the modelling, simulation, and control of thermal energy systems. Papers that analyze particular aspects of thermal energy systems, involving, for example, conventional power plants, innovative thermal power generation, various thermal engines, thermal energy storage, and fundamental heat transfer management, on the basis of one or more of the following topics, are invited in this Special Issue: • Power plant modelling, simulation, and control; • Thermal engines; • Thermal energy control in building energy systems; • Combined heat and power (CHP) generation; • Thermal energy storage systems; • Improving thermal comfort technologies; • Optimization of complex thermal systems; • Modelling and control of thermal networks; • Thermal management of fuel cell systems; • Thermal control of solar utilization; • Heat pump control; • Heat exchanger control.

supercritical circulating fluidized bed --- boiler-turbine unit --- active disturbance rejection control --- burning carbon --- genetic algorithm --- Solar-assisted coal-fired power generation system --- Singular weighted method --- load dispatch --- CSP plant model --- transient analysis --- power tracking control --- two-tank direct energy storage --- electronic device --- flip chip component --- thermal stress --- thermal fatigue --- life prediction --- combustion engine efficiency --- dynamic states --- artificial neural network --- dynamic modeling --- thermal management --- parameter estimation --- energy storage operation and planning --- electric and solar vehicles --- ultra-supercritical unit --- deep neural network --- stacked auto-encoder --- maximum correntropy --- heat exchanger --- forced convection --- film coefficient --- heat transfer --- water properties --- integrated energy system --- operational optimization --- air–fuel ratio --- combustion control --- dynamic matrix control --- power plant control --- high temperature low sag conductor --- coefficient of thermal expansion --- overhead conductor --- low sag performance --- chemical looping --- wavelets --- NARMA model --- generalized predictive control (GPC) --- steam supply scheduling --- exergetic analysis --- multi-objective --- ε-constraint method