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The goal of this Research Topic on streams as indicators for CZ structure and function is to explore linkages between biotic and abiotic weathering, soil biogeochemical processes, chemical and physical denudation and hydrology within the CZ. The CZ spans from the top of the vegetative canopy to the actively cycled groundwater providing life sustaining ecosystem services. However, rapid population growth and global climate change during the Anthropocene poses challenges to the Earth’s CZ which is pushed to balance increased demand (e.g. crop yield) while maintaining the CZ’s natural structure and other important ecosystem functions. Streams represent an integrator of many processes within the CZ and can thus carry the first signals of changing CZ health. As an important component of the CZ system, streams provide important information on hydrological, biogeochemical, and denudation fluxes, allowing a glimpse into the past, present and potential future of CZ function. The foci of recent stream water investigations include the role of catchment processes, riparian zone dynamics, hyporheic zone contributions and instream cycling to investigate nutrient dynamics, weathering and denudation, and hydrological partitioning. We now would like to expand this view conceptually to include the CZ.

critical zone --- stream --- system --- interdisciplinary --- catchment

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On 10 and 11 May 2006 the international conference on the theme “River, landscape and land conservation. Overcoming emergencies and grasping opportunities” was held in the main lecture hall of Florence University. The initiative was promoted and organised by the PhD course in Landscape Design – Professor Giulio G. Rizzo, Dr. Michele Ercolini – and by the Master degree course in Landscaping – Professor Guido Ferrara – of the University of Florence. The majority of the addresses presented during the two days of work, and included in this book, were characterised by the cultural and scientific input of the initiative, in other words the attempt to transform a “system of demands” (namely the requirements of land conservation) into a “system of opportunities” for the design of new landscapes. Nei giorni 10 e 11 maggio 2006 si è tenuto a Firenze, presso l'Aula Magna del Rettorato, il Convegno internazionale sul tema "Fiume, paesaggio, difesa del suolo. Superare le emergenze, cogliere le opportunità". L'input culturale e scientifico di tale iniziativa (promossa ed organizzata dal Dottorato di Ricerca in Progettazione Paesistica – prof. Giulio G. Rizzo, dott. Michele Ercolini – e dal Master in Paesaggistica – prof. Guido Ferrara – dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze), vale a dire il tentativo di trasformare un "sistema di esigenze" (riconducibile a necessità di difesa del suolo) in un "sistema di opportunità" per la progettazione di "nuovi paesaggi", ha contraddistinto la maggior parte delle relazioni presentate nelle due giornate di lavoro ed inserite nel presente volume.

Riparian ecology --- Riparian areas --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Ecology --- Management --- Banks, River --- Banks, Stream --- Frontages, Stream --- Riparian zones --- River banks --- Riverbanks --- Stream banks --- Stream frontages --- Streambanks --- Streamside areas --- Streamsides --- Zones, Riparian --- Wetlands --- Riparian area ecology --- Wetland ecology --- atti --- architecture --- proceedings --- ambiente --- architettura --- environment --- landscape --- paesaggio

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Riparian areas --- Aquifers --- Aquafers --- Water-bearing formations --- Banks, River --- Banks, Stream --- Frontages, Stream --- Riparian zones --- River banks --- Riverbanks --- Stream banks --- Stream frontages --- Streambanks --- Streamside areas --- Streamsides --- Zones, Riparian --- Potable water --- Wetlands --- Drinking water --- Water --- Purification --- Hydrology --- Hydrogeology --- Aquitards --- Tap water --- Beverages --- Fresh water

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"Implementing International Watercourses Law through the WEF and SDGs: An Integrated Approach Illustrated in the Zambezi River Basin offers an innovative approach to the governance of shared watercourses and the implementation of international water law through the Law, Nexus and Goals (LNG) approach. By looking at policy frameworks such as the WEF nexus and global development agendas such as the SDGs, the monograph provides a method of integration for holistic water governance. In order to demonstrate this approach, a case study of the Zambezi River Basin is used, through which the monograph not only exemplifies the approach taken, but also provides a detailed account of the legal and policy frameworks within the basin"--

River channels --- Water security --- Security, Water --- Human security --- Beds, River --- Beds, Stream --- Channels, River --- Channels, Stream --- Channelways (Rivers) --- River beds --- Riverbeds --- Stream beds --- Stream channels --- Streambeds --- Streamways --- Watercourses --- Channels (Hydraulic engineering) --- Law and legislation. --- Government policy. --- Sustainable Development Goals. --- International rivers. --- International rivers --- Rivers, Right of navigation of --- Rivers --- Law and legislation --- International law --- Zambezi River Watershed --- International status.

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The impact of extratropical transition on the midlatitude flow is quantified based on potential vorticity inversion. The detailed study of Typhoon Jangmi (2008) reveals the diabatically enhanced net transport of low-PV air to the tropopause as the key physical process determining the direct impact of ET. Relocation experiments and further case studies show the crucial role of the relative position of the TC and the midlatitude flow for the downstream impact of ET and the reduced predictability.

Atmosphärische Dynamik --- mittlere Breiten --- Potentielle Vorticity Inversion --- Tropischer Wirbelsturm --- midlatitudes --- Atmospheric Dynamics --- jet stream --- potential vorticity inversion --- Strahlstrom --- Tropical Cyclone