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During the 1980’s there were many developments regarding the nonequilibrium statistical mechanics of dense classical atomic fluids. These developments have had a major impact on the computer simulation methods used to model nonequilibrium fluids. The present volume is, in part, an attempt to provide a pedagogical discussion of the statistical mechanical justification of these algorithms. There is a symbiotic relationship between theoretical nonequilibrium statistical mechanics on the one hand and the theory and practice of computer simulation on the other. Sometimes, the initiative for progress has been with the pragmatic requirements of computer simulation and at other times, the initiative has been with the fundamental theory of nonequilibrium processes. This book summarises progress in this field up to 1990.

Statistical mechanics --- Kinetic theory of liquids --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Atomic Physics --- Science: general issues --- Liquids, Kinetic theory of --- Liquids --- Molecular theory --- Mechanics --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Quantum statistics --- Statistical physics --- Thermodynamics --- computer simulation --- statistical mechanics --- liquids --- nonequilibrium fluids --- Cross-correlation matrix --- Equations of motion --- Phase space --- Strain rate --- Thermodynamic equilibrium --- Viscosity

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Advances in materials are crucial to the development of sports equipment, from tennis rackets to skis to running shoes. Materials-driven improvements in equipment have helped athletes perform better, while enhancing safety and making sport more accessible and enjoyable. This book brings together a collection of 10 papers on the topic of sports materials, as published in a Special Issue of Applied Sciences. The papers within this book cover a range of sports, including golf, tennis, table tennis and baseball. State-of-the-art engineering techniques, such as finite element modelling, impact testing and full-field strain measurement, are applied to help further our understanding of sports equipment mechanics and the role of materials, with a view to improving performance, enhancing safety and facilitating informed regulatory decision making. The book also includes papers that describe emerging and novel materials, including auxetic materials with their negative Poisson’s ratio (fattening when stretched) and knits made of bamboo charcoal. This collection of papers should serve as a useful resource for sports engineers working in both academia and industry, as well as engineering students who are interested in sports equipment and materials.

n/a --- foam --- finite element --- sportswear textiles --- cannon --- textiles --- impact attenuation --- shockpad --- foam protective mats --- robot --- additive manufacturing --- indentation --- bat --- rubber --- slope of grain --- wood --- injury --- strain --- impact --- durability --- protective equipment --- mechanical properties --- artificial turf --- strain propagation --- auxetic foam --- sports safety --- torsion --- quick-dry yarn --- concussion --- baseball --- finite element modelling --- polymer --- strain rate --- Charpy --- protection --- rate dependence --- functional composite yarns --- impact testing --- golf --- helmet --- architecture --- auxetic --- clubhead --- digital image correlation --- finite element analysis --- tennis --- comfort --- negative Poisson’s ratio --- friction --- bamboo charcoal yarn --- EFG method --- sport --- finite elements --- shaft

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The present collection of articles focuses on the mechanical strength properties at micro- and nanoscale dimensions of body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic and hexagonal close-packed crystal structures. The advent of micro-pillar test specimens is shown to provide a new dimensional scale for the investigation of crystal deformation properties. The ultra-small dimensional scale at which these properties are measured is shown to approach the atomic-scale level at which model dislocation mechanics descriptions of crystal slip and deformation twinning behaviors are proposed to be operative, including the achievement of atomic force microscopic measurements of dislocation pile-up interactions with crystal grain boundaries or with hard surface coatings. A special advantage of engineering designs made at such small crystal and polycrystalline dimensions is the achievement of an approximate order-of-magnitude increase in mechanical strength levels. Reasonable extrapolation of macro-scale continuum mechanics descriptions of crystal strength properties at micro- to nano-indentation hardness measurements are demonstrated, in addition to reports on persistent slip band observations and fatigue cracking behaviors. High-entropy alloy, superalloy and energetic crystal properties are reported along with descriptions of deformation rate sensitivities, grain boundary structures, nano-cutting, void nucleation/growth micromechanics and micro-composite electrical properties.

crystal strength --- micro-crystals --- nano-crystals --- nano-polycrystals --- nano-wires --- whiskers --- pillars --- dislocations --- hardness --- crystal size dependencies --- fracture --- strain rate sensitivity --- temperature effect --- indentation size effect --- theoretical model --- nano-indentation --- crack growth --- dislocation models --- pile-ups --- kitagawa-takahashi diagram --- fracture mechanics --- internal stresses --- molecular dynamics simulations --- BCC Fe nanowires --- twin boundaries --- de-twinning --- micromechanical testing --- micro-pillar --- bi-crystal --- discrete dislocation pile-up --- grain boundary --- free surface --- anisotropic elasticity --- crystallographic slip --- molecular dynamics --- nanocutting --- iron --- cutting theory --- ab initio calculations --- hydrogen embrittlement --- cohesive strength --- multiaxial loading --- strain rate --- molecular dynamics simulation --- activation volume --- grain growth --- indentation creep --- size effect --- geometrically necessary dislocations --- FeCrAl --- micropillar --- dislocation --- strain hardening --- crystal plasticity simulations --- persistent slip band --- surface hard coating --- fatigue crack initiation --- fatigue --- cyclic deformation --- internal stress --- copper single crystal --- rafting behavior --- phase-field simulation --- crystal plasticity theory --- mechanical property --- ultrafine-grained materials --- intermetallic compounds --- B2 phase --- strain hardening behavior --- synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction --- HMX --- elastic properties --- linear complexions --- strength --- lattice distortive transformations --- dislocation emission --- grain boundaries --- nanomaterials --- Hall-Petch relation --- metals and alloys --- interfacial delamination --- nucleation --- void formation --- cracking --- alloys --- nanocrystalline --- thermal stability --- IN718 alloy --- dislocation plasticity --- twinning --- miniaturised testing --- in situ electron microscopy --- magnesium --- anode --- tin sulfide --- lithium ion battery --- conversion reaction --- nanoflower --- rapid solidification --- compression

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By the late 1940s, and since then, the continuous development of dislocation theories have provided the basis for correlating the macroscopic time-dependent deformation of metals and alloys—known as creep—to the time-dependent processes taking place within the metals and alloys. High-temperature deformation and stress relaxation effects have also been explained and modeled on similar bases. The knowledge of high-temperature deformation as well as its modeling in conventional or unconventional situations is becoming clearer year by year, with new contemporary and better performing high-temperature materials being constantly produced and investigated.This book includes recent contributions covering relevant topics and materials in the field in an innovative way. In the first section, contributions are related to the general description of creep deformation, damage, and ductility, while in the second section, innovative testing techniques of creep deformation are presented. The third section deals with creep in the presence of complex loading/temperature changes and environmental effects, while the last section focuses on material microstructure–creep correlations for specific material classes. The quality and potential of specific materials and microstructures, testing conditions, and modeling as addressed by specific contributions will surely inspire scientists and technicians in their own innovative approaches and studies on creep and high-temperature deformation.

Larson–Miller parameter --- n/a --- visualization --- bond coat --- hydrogen --- poly-crystal --- Gibbs free energy principle --- constitutive equations --- creep damage --- DFT --- finite element method --- austenitic stainless steel --- strain rate sensitivity --- MCrAlY --- excess volume --- superalloy --- scanning electron microscopy --- creep buckling --- dislocation dynamics --- creep --- elevated temperature --- modelling --- size effect --- residual stress --- superalloy VAT 32 --- water vapor --- activation energy --- small angle neutron scattering --- superalloy VAT 36 --- metallic glass --- iron aluminides --- Gr.91 --- internal stress --- relaxation fatigue --- multiaxiality --- creep grain boundary --- grain boundary cavitation --- cavitation --- solute atom --- stress exponent --- external pressure --- P92 --- TMA --- low cycle fatigue --- nanoindentation --- high temperature --- FEM --- intrinsic ductility --- normalizing --- creep ductility --- creep rupture mechanism --- microstructural features --- simulate HAZ --- P92 steel --- glide --- ferritic–martensitic steel --- creep rupture --- cyclic softening

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In several industrial fields (such as automotive, steelmaking, aerospace, and fire protection systems) metals need to withstand a combination of cyclic loadings and high temperatures. In this condition, they usually exhibit an amount—more or less pronounced—of plastic deformation, often accompanied by creep or stress-relaxation phenomena. Plastic deformation under the action of cyclic loadings may cause fatigue cracks to appear, eventually leading to failures after a few cycles. In estimating the material strength under such loading conditions, the high-temperature material behavior needs to be considered against cyclic loading and creep, the experimental strength to isothermal/non-isothermal cyclic loadings and, not least of all, the choice and experimental calibration of numerical material models and the selection of the most comprehensive design approach. This book is a series of recent scientific contributions addressing several topics in the field of experimental characterization and physical-based modeling of material behavior and design methods against high-temperature loadings, with emphasis on the correlation between microstructure and strength. Several material types are considered, from stainless steel, aluminum alloys, Ni-based superalloys, spheroidal graphite iron, and copper alloys. The quality of scientific contributions in this book can assist scholars and scientists with their research in the field of metal plasticity, creep, and low-cycle fatigue.

aluminum cast --- partial constraint --- n/a --- fatigue criterion --- thermo-mechanical fatigue --- stress relaxation aging behavior --- stainless steel --- constitutive models --- environmentally-assisted cracking --- initial stress levels --- slip system-based shear stresses --- thermomechanical fatigue --- activation volume --- engineering design --- pore distribution --- experimental set-ups --- tensile tests --- elevated temperature --- creep --- economy --- LCF --- fatigue strength --- hardening/softening --- hardness --- pore accumulation --- defects --- kinematic model --- Sanicro 25 --- probabilistic design --- AA7150-T7751 --- strain rate --- crack growth models --- bcc --- probabilistic Schmid factors --- isotropic model --- crack-tip cyclic plasticity --- anisotropy --- creep fatigue --- X-ray micro computer tomography --- temperature --- transient effects --- aluminum-silicon cylinder head --- spheroidal cast iron --- Probabilistic modeling --- pre-strain --- crack-tip blunting and sharpening --- high temperature steels --- lost foam --- thermal–mechanical fatigue --- cyclic plasticity --- flow stress --- Ni-base superalloy --- pure fatigue --- René80 --- polycrystalline FEA --- constitutive modelling --- thermal-mechanical fatigue --- René80