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Cerebral ischemia is one of the most common causes of dementia, which develops in more than half of patients after an ischemic episode. The main mechanism is thought to be pathological changes in the hippocampus, especially in the CA1 area, underlying episodic memory impairment, which is the earliest and most important clinical symptom of post-ischemic dementia. The 13 chapters of this book present a new picture of ischemic brain disease, synthesizing the latest data on disease mechanisms, care for patients with this disease, and potential therapeutic targets. The authors present the characteristics of cerebral ischemia from pregnancy and childhood through adolescence to adulthood. The first two chapters provide a snapshot of the anatomy of the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus, the most affected brain structures after cerebral ischemia. This is followed by nine chapters that present a comprehensive view of the pathological mechanisms of cerebral ischemia, and how a deep understanding of these pathomechanisms hold the key for the discovery and development of novel therapies to help patients affected by cerebral ischemia. Chapter 12 shares real-life experience and challenges of rehabilitating patients into the community after cerebral ischemia, and chapter 13 analyzes the social risk variations, including gender inequality, in the reintegration of post-ischemic stroke patients. Although primarily aimed at scientists and clinicians, the contents of the book will be of interest to all those who are interested in cerebral ischemia, including patients and their caregivers.

Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex; Anatomy of the Hippocampus; Genes Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease; Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury; Perinatal Asphyxia; Ischemic Brain Injury; Hyperhomocysteinemia; Exosomes in Post-Ischemic Brain; Neuroinflammation in Post-Ischemic Brain; Neurovascular Reactivity in Cerebral Ischemia; Cathepsin B in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury After Stroke; Curcumin in Post-Ischemic Brain; Treating Cerebral Ischemia; Experimental Stroke Research; Community-Based Rehabilitation in Japan; Social Risk Variation Across Reintegration of Post-Ischemic Stroke Patients

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Many people live in rural areas in tropical regions. Rural development is not merely a contribution to the growth of individual countries. It can be a way to reduce poverty and to increase access to water, health care, and education. Sustainable rural development can also help stop deforestation and reduce livestock, which generate most of the greenhouse gas emissions. However, efforts to achieve a sustainable rural development are often thwarted by floods, drought, heat waves, and hurricanes, which local communities are not very prepared to tackle. Agricultural practices and local planning are still not very risk-informed. These deficiencies are particularly acute in tropical regions, where many Least Developed Countries are located and where there is, however, great potential for rural development. This Special Issue contains 22 studies on best practices for risk awareness; on local risk reduction; on several cases of soil depletion, water pollution, and sustainable access to safe water; and on agronomy, earth sciences, ecology, economy, environmental engineering, geomatics, materials science, and spatial and regional planning in 12 tropical countries.

climate change --- contingency plan --- flood risk --- local development plan --- risk management --- sustainable rural development --- agricultural drought --- heavy rains --- hydrological drought --- meteorological drought --- risk assessment --- Sahel --- early warning --- hydrology --- local communities --- Niger river basin --- rural development --- disaster risk reduction --- official development assistance --- public participation --- risk tracking --- Sendai framework --- sustainable development --- dataset validation --- precipitation --- Kenya --- local climate --- ASALs --- Quantile Mapping --- climate services --- local drought risk reduction --- smallholder farmers --- agrometeorological forecast --- Niger --- natural resources --- Mauritania --- resource management --- regional planning --- participatory approach --- EO data --- water resources --- sustainable management --- local development --- water for food security --- building consolidation --- extreme precipitations --- flood exposure --- satellite remote sensing --- settlement dynamics --- vulnerability --- agriculture --- Nitrate runoff --- real-time monitoring --- water quality --- rural area --- scant data --- nitrate contamination --- water --- flood --- Sinai Peninsula --- flash flood --- CORDEX --- water harvesting --- indigenous farmers --- multinational corporations --- systems thinking --- Nigeria --- sub-Saharan Africa --- drought --- rainfall regime --- soil biogeochemistry --- natural disasters --- flooding --- flood vulnerability --- inequality --- risk premium --- expected annual damages --- certainty equivalent annual damages --- equity weight expected annual damages --- equity weight certainty equivalent annual damage --- soil erosion --- Great Rift Valley Lakes --- ASAL --- desertification --- groundwater resources --- fluoride --- main Ethiopian Rift Valley --- developing countries --- welfare --- panel probit model --- adoption --- propensity score matching --- water crisis in Africa --- water collection and retention systems --- sand dam --- migration --- risk communication --- volcanic hazards --- social risk perception --- resilience --- demonstrator --- scenario --- multi-risk analysis --- climate-smart agriculture --- socio-ecological systems --- extension --- Belize --- milpa --- food security --- sustainability --- photovoltaic energy --- desalination system --- SIDS --- CO2 emissions --- LCOW --- LEOW --- n/a