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There has been an ongoing debate about the capabilities and limits of the bio-natural sciences as sources and the methodological measure in the philosophy of psychiatry for quite some time now. Still, many problems remain unsolved, at least partly for the following reasons: The opposing parties do not tend to speak with each other, exchange their arguments and try to increase mutual understanding. Rather, one gets the impression that they often remain in their “trenches”, busy with confirming each others' opinions and developing their positions in isolation. This leads to several shortcomings: (1) Good arguments and insights from both sides of the debate get less attention they deserve. (2) The further improvement of each position becomes harder without criticism, genuinely motivated by the opposing standpoint. (3) The debate is not going to stop, at least not in the way it would finish after a suggested solution finds broad support; (4) Related to this, insisting on the ultimate aptnessof one side is just plainly wrong in almost every case. Since undeniably, most philosophical positions usually have a grain of truth hidden in them. In sum, many controversies persist with regard to the appropriate methodological, epistemological, and even ontological level for psychiatric explanation and therapies. In a conference which took place in December last year, we tried to contribute to a better understanding about what really is at issue in the philosophy of psychiatry. We asked for a common basis for several sides, for points of divergence and for the practical impact of different solutions on everyday work in psychiatry. Since psychiatry as a whole is a subject that is to wide to be covered in a single meeting, we focused on the following four core topics: 1. Competing accounts of psychiatric biologism, reductionism, and physicalism. 2. Mental disease and brain disease in the light of current neuroscientific and epigenetic findings. 3. Normative suppositions for different accounts of mental disease. 4. Normative implications of different accounts of mental disease. These topics, which have been vigorously as well as fruitfully discussed at our conference, will (ideally) be, too, in the center of our contribution to Frontiers. More precisely, we think of arranging a “research topic” which assembles the issues of the conference. At this point, it seems promising to us to group three or four Target Articles (TA) and let them get criticized by a couple of commentaries from different angles to give the issue a much broader and detailed perspective.

Psychobiology. --- Biological psychiatry. --- Ethics --- medical --- Philosophy of Neuroscience --- biologism in psychiatry --- Reductionism --- Psychiatry

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The investigation of the mind has been one of the major concerns of our philosophical tradition and it still is a dominant subject in modern philosophy as well as in science. Many philosophers in the scientific tradition want to solve the "puzzles of the mind". But many philosophers in the very same tradition do regard these puzzles as puzzles of the brain. So, whilst the former think of the mental as something of its own kind, the latter deny that philosophy of mind has to do with anything else but the brain. And then there are those who think that reduction is the way to go: maybe the mental is brain-dependent and hence reducible to the physical, in some way. This volume collects contributions comprising all those points of view, including articles by William Bechtel, Jerry Fodor, Jaegwon Kim, Joëlle Proust and Patrick Suppes.

Ethics. --- Philosophy of mind -- Congresses. --- Psychology -- Philosophy. --- Reductionism -- Congresses. --- Social Sciences --- Philosophy --- Philosophy & Religion --- Speculative Philosophy --- Psychology --- Thought and thinking. --- Mind and body. --- Mind --- Thinking --- Thoughts --- Body and mind --- Body and soul (Philosophy) --- Human body --- Mind-body connection --- Mind-body relations --- Mind-cure --- Somatopsychics --- Psychological aspects --- Educational psychology --- Intellect --- Logic --- Perception --- Psycholinguistics --- Self --- Brain --- Dualism --- Philosophical anthropology --- Holistic medicine --- Mental healing --- Parousia (Philosophy) --- Phrenology --- Psychophysiology

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This Special Issue includes articles which discuss the longstanding recognition of diverse connections between spirituality and addiction, as well as emerging discussions regarding the spiritual dimensions of addiction treatments. The overall focus is on the overlaps between the journey into addiction and the spiritual journey, informed by the insight of Carl Jung that addictive craving and the seeking of ultimate meaning may be intimately connected. The multiplicity of forms which addiction can assume in contemporary society are the scope of the issue. The overall purpose of the Special Issue is to extend the range of manifestations of addiction which are part of a discussion relating to the soul of recovery. Through this extended agenda of forms of addiction, the Special Issue supplements existing literature on the subject of spirituality and addiction.

addiction --- addiction treatment --- Buddhism --- mindfulness --- ontological addiction --- recovery --- Twelve-Step Program --- climate change --- addictions --- eating disorders --- existential psychology --- healing --- Internal Family Systems --- nonduality --- psychotherapy --- transpersonal psychotherapy --- Alcoholics Anonymous --- religiousness --- involvement in self-help groups --- meaning in life --- spiritual experiences --- mediator variable --- workaholism --- workplace spirituality --- worker profiles --- Portuguese employees --- ego --- unique personhood --- ontology --- epistemology --- contemplative traditions --- Western Enlightenment --- developmental psychology --- transcendental reductionism --- Fourth Turning in Buddhism --- Bible journaling --- biblical spirituality --- drug addiction --- journaling addiction --- addiction recovery --- multimodality --- multimodal analysis --- religious beliefs --- religious attitudes --- optimism --- pessimism --- players of games of chance --- spiritual addiction --- faith --- truth --- hope --- reason --- religion --- love --- reality --- collective moral crisis --- n/a

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Contemporary healthcare trends indicate that many chronic and communicable diseases are related to lifestyle, stress, personal choices and systemic factors. In response to the shortfalls of modern medicine regarding the prevention of these diseases and the promotion of whole-person health, providers and consumers worldwide are exploring integrative, natural and complementary approaches to prevention, treatment and health promotion. These trends harbor the future of medicine. The issues of clinician burnout, high rates of adverse effects, high cost, and lack of rigorous methods to promote individual and collective immunity are addressed by leading physicians and scientists from around the world. The original research and reviews in this volume investigate efficacy, molecular mechanisms and hypotheses that suggest that traditional systems of medicine and health, e.g., Ayurveda, yoga, traditional Chinese medicine, and mind–body–lifestyle medicine, may offer preventive and cost-effective solutions to contemporary health care challenges. Integrating innovative health approaches with conventional medicine offers a whole system of medicine that encompasses the individual, family, community and environment—from single person to planetary health.

asthma --- diagnosis --- treatment strategies --- oxidative stress --- antioxidants --- microbiome --- Ayurveda --- gut bacteria --- diet --- lifestyle --- disease --- prevention --- integrative medicine --- Ayurgenomics --- genomics --- P4 medicine --- personalized medicine --- epigenetics --- genotype --- phenotype --- Prakriti --- doshas --- meditation --- focused attention --- open monitoring --- Transcendental Meditation --- antiviral --- medicinal plants --- pandemic --- SARS-CoV-2 --- zoonotic virus --- Artemisia --- Artemisinin --- ARTs --- phytochemicals --- chronic stress --- transcendental meditation --- gene expression --- energy metabolism --- biological aging --- epigenetic effects --- allostatic load --- complementary medicine --- plastic surgery --- anthroposophic medicine --- pandemic and women --- women and heart disease --- psychological effects of pandemic --- cardiac prevention --- risk of heart disease in women --- hypercholesterolemia --- ayurveda --- ayurvedic herbs --- systematic review --- meta-analysis --- integrative health --- whole-person health --- systems research --- reductionism --- complementary and alternative medicine --- healing --- healthcare transformation --- overview --- stroke --- vegetarian --- vegan --- dosha --- prakriti --- integrative nutrition --- n/a

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Modern information communication technology eradicates barriers of geographic distances, making the world globally interdependent, but this spatial globalization has not eliminated cultural fragmentation. The Two Cultures of C.P. Snow (that of science–technology and that of humanities) are drifting apart even faster than before, and they themselves crumble into increasingly specialized domains. Disintegrated knowledge has become subservient to the competition in technological and economic race leading in the direction chosen not by the reason, intellect, and shared value-based judgement, but rather by the whims of autocratic leaders or fashion controlled by marketers for the purposes of political or economic dominance. If we want to restore the authority of our best available knowledge and democratic values in guiding humanity, first we have to reintegrate scattered domains of human knowledge and values and offer an evolving and diverse vision of common reality unified by sound methodology. This collection of articles responds to the call from the journal Philosophies to build a new, networked world of knowledge with domain specialists from different disciplines interacting and connecting with other knowledge-and-values-producing and knowledge-and-values-consuming communities in an inclusive, extended, contemporary natural–philosophic manner. In this process of synthesis, scientific and philosophical investigations enrich each other—with sciences informing philosophies about the best current knowledge of the world, both natural and human-made—while philosophies scrutinize the ontological, epistemological, and methodological foundations of sciences, providing scientists with questions and conceptual analyses. This is all directed at extending and deepening our existing comprehension of the world, including ourselves, both as humans and as societies, and humankind.

pessimistic induction --- n/a --- qualitative ontology --- dissipative structures --- physicalism --- agent-based reasoning --- thermodynamics --- the logic of nature --- reverse mathematics --- theoretical unity --- state-space approach --- common good --- naturalization of logic --- monad --- metaphysics --- reflexive psychology --- knowledge --- neurodynamics --- consciousness --- third-way reasoning --- induction and discovery of laws --- mind-matter relations --- exoplanet --- Second Law of thermodynamics --- unitarity --- philosophical foundations --- in the name of nature --- big crunch --- epistemology --- eco-cognitive model --- active imagination --- aesthetics in science --- science --- second-person description --- subsumptive hierarchy --- 1st-person and 3rd-person perspectives --- discursive space --- space flight --- complexity --- cybernetics --- cosmology --- matter --- realism --- eco-cognitive openness --- hylomorphism --- measurement --- fallacies --- induction --- vacuum --- physics --- mental representation --- embodiment --- problem of induction --- contradiction --- internalism --- Jungian psychology --- synthesis --- exceptional experiences --- mind --- relational biology --- symmetry breaking --- emergence --- phenomenological psychology --- Aristotle’s four causes --- humanistic management --- real computing --- A.N. Whitehead --- final cause --- naturalism --- induction and concept formation --- temporality --- dispositions --- dark energy --- heterogeneity --- Naturphilosophie --- computation --- causality --- memory evolutive system --- natural philosophy --- quantum computing --- philosophy of information --- self --- information --- analytical psychology --- logic --- indeterminacy --- scientific method --- dialectics --- computability --- language --- ethics --- perception --- philosophy of nature --- agonism --- errors of reasoning --- everyday lifeworld --- emptiness --- awareness --- unity of knowledge --- digitization --- fitness --- depth psychology --- info-computational model --- creativity --- ontology --- philosophy as a way of life --- development --- void --- big freeze --- signal transduction --- abduction --- retrocausality --- dual-aspect monism --- quantum information --- theoretical biology --- acategoriality --- epistemic norms --- evolutionary psychology --- apophasis --- differentiation --- memory --- centripetality --- mathematics --- Leibniz --- Ivor Leclerc --- spatial representation --- subjective experience --- intentionality --- evidence and justification --- internal quantum state --- scientific progress --- holographic encoding --- information-theory --- qualia --- anticipation --- naturalization --- F.W.J. Schelling --- L. Smolin --- R.M. Unger --- Aristotle --- dual aspects --- process --- theory of everything --- philosophy of science --- cognition --- compositional hierarchy --- autocatalysis --- discourse --- emergentist reductionism --- form --- regulation --- contingency --- endogenous selection --- category theory --- Science --- Philosophy of nature. --- Philosophy. --- Nature --- Nature, Philosophy of --- Natural theology --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Philosophy --- Aristotle's four causes