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Sight is the dominant sense of mankind to apprehend the world at the earth scale and beyond the frontiers of the infinite, from the nanometer to the incommensurable. Primarily based on sunlight and natural and artificial light sources, optics has been the major companion of spectroscopy since scientific observation began. The invention of the laser in the early sixties has boosted optical spectroscopy through the intrinsic or specific symmetry electronic properties of materials at the multiscale (birefringence, nonlinear and photonic crystals), revealed by the ability to monitor light polarization inside or on the surface of designed objects. This Special Issue of Symmetry features articles and reviews that are of tremendous interest to scientists who study linear and nonlinear optics, all oriented around the common axis of symmetry. Contributions transverse the entire breadth of this field, including those concerning polarization and anisotropy within colloids of chromophores and metal/semiconducting nanoparticles probed by UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopies; microscopic structures of liquid–liquid, liquid–gas, and liquid–solid interfaces; surface- and symmetry-specific optical techniques and simulations, including second-harmonic and sum-frequency generations, and surface-enhanced and coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopies; orientation and chirality of bio-molecular interfaces; symmetry breaking in photochemistry; symmetric multipolar molecules; reversible electronic energy transfer within supramolecular systems; plasmonics; and light polarization effects in materials.

symmetry breaking --- chiral plasmonics --- non-linear optics --- plasmonic devices --- plasmonic sensing --- plasmonics --- LSPR scattering --- polarisation manipulation --- metamaterials --- Faraday effect (rotation) --- magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE) --- magnetoplasmonics --- molecular orientation --- spectral unmixing --- infrared absorption --- visible-infrared sum-frequency generation --- Raman scattering --- linear programming --- centrosymmetry --- spectroscopy --- selection rules --- infrared --- Raman --- sum-frequency generation --- interfaces --- molecules --- nanoparticles --- molecular aggregates --- second harmonic generation --- hyper rayleigh scattering --- second harmonic scattering --- light polarizatio --- quantum dots --- phenyl derivative --- UV–Visible spectroscopy --- sum-frequency generation spectroscopy --- dipole–dipole interaction --- polyoxometalates --- donor/acceptor substituents --- first hyperpolarizability --- (time-dependent) DFT --- n/a --- UV-Visible spectroscopy --- dipole-dipole interaction

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Membranes play an enormous role in our life. Biological cell membranes control the fluxes of substances in and out of cells. Artificial membranes are widely used in numerous applications including “green” separation processes in chemistry, agroindustry, biology, medicine; they are used as well in energy generation from renewable sources. They largely mimic the structure and functions of biological membranes. The similarity in the structure leads to the similarity in the properties and the approaches to study the laws governing the behavior of both biological and artificial membranes. In this book, some physico-chemical and chemico-physical aspects of the structure and behavior of biological and artificial membranes are investigated.

ion exchange membranes --- profiled membranes --- corrugated membranes --- electrodialysis --- reverse electrodialysis --- membrane capacitive deionization --- hydrodynamic --- mass transfer --- thermal pressing --- 3D printing --- acid whey --- pulsed electric field --- demineralization --- scaling --- lactic acid removal --- ion exchange membrane --- profiled membrane --- CFD --- pressure drop --- structural mechanics --- fluid-structure interaction --- whey --- pulsed electrodialysis reversal --- fouling --- electrodialysis with filtration membrane (EDFM) --- triple size-selective separation --- glucose uptake --- bioassay-guided validation --- bioactive peptides --- electro-convective instability --- overlimiting current --- concentration polarisation --- particle tracking --- biomimetic membrane --- ion pair amphiphile --- cholesterol --- molecular dynamics --- water permeation --- air-pollutant nanoparticle --- coarse-grained model --- interaction --- molecular dynamics simulation --- pulmonary surfactant monolayer --- PP membrane --- O2 plasma --- TiO2 nanoparticles --- UV treatment --- hydrophilicity --- biopolymer electrolyte membranes --- XRD analysis --- FTIR study --- Morphology --- Impedance study --- EDLC fabrication --- LaPO4: Ce --- Tb --- ionic liquid --- supported liquid membrane --- photoluminescence --- hyperbranched polymer --- crosslinking --- alkaline fuel cells --- ionic conductivity --- water swelling --- ion-exchange membranes --- ion-exchange particles --- heterogeneity --- electrokinetics --- current–voltage curves --- ion-exchange membrane --- Fujifilm --- Neosepta --- phosphate transport --- limiting current density --- voltammetry --- zinc–air battery --- separator --- hydroxide exchange membrane --- anion-exchange membrane --- ionic channel --- polyphenylene oxide --- polymer inclusion membrane --- ionic liquids --- volatile fatty acids (VFAs) --- acetic acids --- hexanoic acids --- anomalous water diffusion --- computer simulations --- ion channel gating --- nano-size water pore --- physico-chemical properties of confined water --- protein-water interactions --- TRPV1 channel permeability for water --- water dynamics --- water H-bonding --- NETs --- inner nuclear membrane --- outer nuclear membrane --- nuclear envelope --- polymer blends --- impedance study --- dielectric properties --- electric modulus study --- loss tangent peaks --- ion transport parameters --- Trukhan model --- salinity gradient power --- concentration difference --- electrolyte composition --- n/a --- current-voltage curves --- zinc-air battery