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The botulinum toxin has been widely applied in the treatment of functional urological diseases, such as overactive bladder, neurogenic detrusor overactivity, interstitial cystitis, and chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Evidence has shown that the botulinum toxin not only affects the release of neuropeptides from motor nerve endings, but also connects sensory nerves to the central nervous system. Inflammation in the central nervous system can be reduced after botulinum toxin treatment. The scope of therapeutic targets involves detrusor overactivity, sensory disorders, bladder pain and pelvic pain, and inflammatory disorders of the bladder, prostate, and bladder outlet. Although the actual pathophysiological mechanism of the action of the botulinum toxin has not been completely demonstrated, an anti-inflammation effect might be the predominant therapeutic mechanism for functional urological disorders such as an overactive bladder, bladder hypersensitivity, interstitial cystitis, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, chronic prostatitis, and lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic hyperplasia. This Special Issue of Toxins covers the therapeutic potentials of the botulinum toxin on lower urinary tract dysfunctions, with emphasis on the mechanism of pharmacological action and clinical effects.

urethra --- onabotulinumtoxinA --- voiding --- therapeutic outcome --- lower urinary tract symptoms --- botulinum toxin --- benign prostatic hyperplasia --- prostatitis --- inflammation --- Botulinum toxin --- chronic prostatitis --- interstitial cystitis --- treatment --- bladder pain --- botulinum toxin A --- predictor --- maximal bladder capacity --- hydrodistention --- urethral sphincter --- urethral sphincter dysfunction --- urodynamics --- drug delivery --- overactive bladder --- painful bladder syndrome --- molecular mechanism --- chronic pelvic pain syndrome --- pelvic pain --- functional urology disorder --- human --- network meta-analysis --- OnabotulinumtoxinA --- peripheral tibial nerve stimulation --- sacral neuromodulation --- bladder --- sensation --- therapy --- pathophysiology --- diabetes mellitus --- mid-urethral sling --- antimuscarinics --- urinary incontinence --- functional urological disorders --- pain --- neurogenic detrusor overactivity

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The landscape of minimally invasive urological intervention is changing. A lot of new innovations and technological developments have happened over the last 3 decades. Laparoscopy and robotic surgery have revolutionised kidney and prostate cancer treatment, with more minimally invasive procedures now being carried out than ever before. At the same time, technological advancements and the use of laser have changed the face of endourology. Several new innovative treatments are now commonplace for benign prostate enlargement (BPE). Management of prostate cancer now involves procedures such as robotic prostatectomy, brachytherapy, radiotherapy, cryotherapy and HIFU. Robotic partial nephrectomy and cryotherapy have changed the face of renal cancer. En-bloc resection of bladder cancer is challenging the traditional management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and becoming commonplace, while robotic cystectomy is also gaining popularity for muscle invasive bladder cancer. Newer surgical intervention related to BPE includes laser (holmium, thulium and green light), water-based treatment (Rezum, Aquablation) and other minimally invasive procedures such as prostate artery embolisation (PAE) and Urolift. Endourological procedures have incorporated newer laser types and settings such as moses technology, disposable ureteroscopes (URS) and minimisation of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) instruments. All these technological innovations and improvements have led to shorter hospital stay, reduced cost, potential reduction in complications and improvement in the quality of life (QoL).

partial nephrectomy --- single site surgery --- sutureless --- CEUS --- contrast-enhanced ultrasound --- renal ultrasound --- image quality --- small renal mass (3–5) --- kidney stones --- metabolic syndrome --- urolithiasis --- nephrolithiasis --- kidney calculi --- diabetes mellitus --- acute kidney injury --- percutaneous nephrolithotomy --- urology --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- urinary incontinence --- kidney stone disease --- fertility --- reproductive urology --- renal cell carcinoma --- hydronephrosis --- urinary reflux --- endourology --- pediatric urology --- prostate cancer --- bladder cancer --- nephrostomy --- quality of life --- survival --- decision making --- ureteroscopy --- laser --- RIRS --- Moses --- holmium --- mineral water --- mineral composition --- drinking water --- still water --- sparkling water --- Ho:YAG laser --- thulium fiber laser --- laser fiber --- lithotripsy --- chronic prostatitis --- chronic pelvic pain syndrome --- extracorporeal shockwave therapy --- ESWT --- NIH-CPSI --- EHS --- IIEF-5 --- QoL --- urosepsis --- laser lithotripsy --- predictor factors --- PCNL --- renal tumour --- AI --- TFL

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Minimally invasive surgery has become a common term in visceral as well as gynecologic surgery. It has almost evolved into its own surgical speciality over the past 20 years. Today, being firmly established in every subspeciality of visceral surgery, it is now no longer a distinct skillset, but a fixed part of the armamentarium of surgical options available. In every indication, the advantages of a minimally invasive approach include reduced intraoperative blood loss, less postoperative pain, and shorter rehabilitation times, as well as a marked reduction of overall and surgical postoperative morbidity. In the advent of modern oncologic treatment algorithms, these effects not only lower the immediate impact that an operation has on the patient, but also become important key steps in reducing the side-effects of surgery. Thus, they enable surgery to become a module in modern multi-disciplinary cancer treatment, which blends into multimodular treatment options at different times and prolongs and widens the possibilities available to cancer patients. In this quickly changing environment, the requirement to learn and refine not only open surgical but also different minimally invasive techniques on high levels deeply impact modern surgical training pathways. The use of modern elearning tools and new and praxis-based surgical training possibilities have been readily integrated into modern surgical education,which persists throughout the whole surgical career of modern gynecologic and visceral surgery specialists.

ovarian cancer --- laparoscopy --- minimally invasive surgery --- survival --- mortality --- platelet-rich plasma (PRP) --- thin endometrium --- hysteroscopy --- robotic surgery --- sexuality --- laparoscopic hysterectomy --- learning curve --- quality of life --- counseling --- patient-doctor-relationship --- body donors --- surgical education --- clinical anatomy --- live surgery events --- neuropelveology --- LION procedure --- genital nerves stimulation --- chronic pelvic pain --- esophagectomy --- esophageal cancer --- Ivor-Lewis procedure --- health-related quality of life --- cervical cancer --- robotic radical hysterectomy --- recurrence rate --- surgery --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- augmented reality --- hysterectomy --- NOTES --- minimally invasive --- systematic review --- meta-analysis --- pediatric surgery --- fetal surgery --- single-incision surgery --- surgical techniques --- surgical devices --- open surgery --- endoscopy --- endoscopic surgery --- cysts of the canal of Nuck --- Nuck hydrocele --- hydrocelectomy --- TAPP --- Lichtenstein --- colorectal liver metastases --- laparoscopic liver surgery --- minimal invasive surgery --- general anesthesia --- anesthetics --- perioperative care --- laparoscopic surgery --- endometrial cancer --- lymphadenectomy --- embryology --- sentinel lymph node mapping --- indocyanine green --- PMMR --- technical aspects --- rectal cancer --- mesorectal --- transanal --- laparoscopic --- local recurrence --- conversion rate --- minimally invasive surgical procedures --- radiotherapy --- ovarian neoplasms --- endometrial neoplasms --- uterine cervical neoplasms --- vaginal neoplasms --- vulvar neoplasms --- survival analysis --- n/a --- video feedback --- video modeling --- gynecology --- surgical training --- pelvitrainer --- prolapse --- pelvic floor --- native tissue --- pectopexy --- robotic assisted surgery --- pancreatic surgery --- pancreaticoduodenectomy --- pelvic floor repair --- laparoscopic repair --- vaginal repair --- mesh use --- VATS --- pain --- postoperative pain control --- thoracic surgery --- lung cancer --- intercostal catheter --- opioid --- regional anaesthesia --- hepatectomy --- single-port laparoscopy --- radiofrequency pre-coagulation --- endometriosis --- endometrioma surgery --- ovarian reserve --- anti-Müllerian hormone --- spontaneous pregnancy --- robotic liver resection --- da Vinci --- intraoperative imaging --- hepatocellular cancer --- real-life imaging --- hepatic metastasis --- COVID-19 --- sars-cov-2 --- surgical performance --- 3D printing --- skill assessment --- snorkel mask --- malabsorption --- Roux-en-Y gastric bypass --- one-anastomosis gastric bypass --- SADI-S --- biliopancreatic diversion --- weight regain --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- cholangiocarcinoma --- risk score --- pelvic compartments --- embryologic development --- oncologic surgery --- pelvic lymphonodectomy --- topographic anatomy --- autonomic pelvic nerves --- uterine cancer --- prostate cancer --- diaphragmatic hernia --- liver resection --- hernia repair --- mesh --- enterothorax --- anti-Müllerian hormone