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The present paper focuses on the concept of a linear motor for tram operation without overhead lines. The type of motor selected is an asynchronous long-stator linear motor without an adjuster. The resulting big air gap is the biggest challenge in design. First, the impacts of the big air gap are studied analytically. Then, an asynchronous long-stator linear motor for driving the tram is designed using the FE method. The simulation models are validated using a linear motor demonstrator.

Langstatorlinearmotor --- Straßenbahnantriebdesign --- magnetic field --- Luftspaltfeld --- asynchron --- induction motor --- tramway propulsion --- longstator --- Auslegung

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The selective and quantitative detection of biocomponents is greatly requested in biomedical applications and clinical diagnostics. Many traditional magnetic materials are not suitable for the ever-increasing demands of these processes. The push for a new generation of microscale sensors for bioapplications continues to challenge the materials science community to develop novel nanostructures that are suitable for such purposes. The principal requirements of a new generation of nanomaterials for sensor applications are based on well-known demands: high sensitivity, small size, low power consumption, stability, quick response, resistance to aggressive media, low price, and easy operation by nonskilled personnel. There are different types of magnetic effects capable of creating sensors for biology, medicine, and drug delivery, including magnetoresistance, spin valves, Hall and inductive effects, and giant magnetoimpedance. The present goal is to design nanomaterials both for magnetic markers and sensitive elements as synergetic pairs working in one device with adjusted characteristics of both materials. Synthetic approaches using the advantages of simulation methods and synthetic materials mimicking natural tissue properties can be useful, as can the further development of modeling strategies for magnetic nanostructures.

magnetic multilayers --- magnetoimpedance --- modeling --- magnetic sensors --- magnetic biosensors --- Magnetoimpedance effect --- amorphous ribbons --- patterned ribbons --- meander sensitive element --- magnetic field sensor --- magnetic nanoparticles --- contrast agent --- relaxation --- relaxation rate --- Langevin model --- magnetic field inhomogeneity --- ferrogels --- medical ultrasound --- sonography --- biomedical applications --- magnetic polymersomes --- magnetic vesicles --- magnetoactive composites --- nanocapsules --- coarse-grained molecular dynamics --- computer simulation --- spintronics --- CFA --- thermoelectric effect --- spin seebeck effect --- magneto-impedance --- biosensor --- finite-element method --- magnetic hyperthermia --- specific loss power --- magnetic mixed ferrites --- hysteresis losses --- thermometric measurements --- nanobiotechnology --- nanomedicine --- therapeutics --- biosensing --- magnetoelasticity --- precipitation --- mass measurement --- chemical sensor

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The Special Issue on Recent Advances in Nanomagnetism is a compilation of articles, addressing various aspects of magnetic properties and behaviour in low dimensional magnetic materials. One contribution addresses the novel magnetic properties in a nanohybrid of iron oxide and carbide nanoparticles grown in diamond. Magnetic textures, such as skyrmion structures, form an important area of research in nanomagnetism, this forms the topic of another contribution. Several aspects of magnetisation dynamics are addressed in other contributions and relate to the developments of microresonators and microantennas applied to the study of magnetic nanostructures; the ferromagnetic resonance behaviour in nanodot systems are also considered. Materials development forms an important area of study in nanomagnetism, and, as such, the preparation conditions, such as annealing under an applied field, can have important effects on the magnetic properties of thin films and low dimensional structures. Such considerations form the study of one of the contributions. Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy has a number of important applications in magnetic storage materials; this is the subject of two further contributions.

Information technology industries --- Computer science --- magnetic nanohybrid materials --- nanodiamonds --- nanoparticles --- iron carbides --- Fe3C --- spinel-type iron oxide --- Mössbauer spectroscopy --- skyrmions --- micromagnetic simulations --- geometric pinning --- finite-element modelling --- ferromagnetic resonance --- microantenna --- microresonator --- magnetic relaxation --- thin films --- nanostructures --- [Co/Ni]2/PtMn multilayers --- magnetic field annealing --- hysteresis loop vertical shift --- exchange coupling --- nanomagnetism --- magnetic multilayers --- micromagnetism --- magnetization dynamics --- magnetic nanodots --- coupled magnetic thin films --- perpendicular magnetic anisotropy --- n/a --- Mössbauer spectroscopy

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Recent research and development in the field of high-current circuit breaker technology are devoted to meeting two challenges: the environmental compatibility and new demands on electrical grids caused by the increasing use of renewable energies. Electric arcs in gases or a vacuum are the key component in the technology at present and will play a key role also in future concepts, e.g., for hybrid and fast switching required for high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission systems. In addition, the replacement of the environmentally harmful SF6 in gas breakers and gas-insulated switchgear is an actual issue. This Special Issue comprises eight peer-reviewed papers, which address recent studies of switching arcs and electrical insulation at high and medium voltage. Three papers consider issues of the replacement of the environmentally harmful SF6 by CO2 in high-voltage gas circuit breakers. One paper deals with fast switching in air with relevance for hybrid fault current limiters and hybrid HVDC interrupters. The other four papers illustrate actual research on vacuum current breakers as an additional option for environmentally compatible switchgear; fundamental studies of the vacuum arc ignition, as well as concepts for the use of vacuum arcs for DC interruption.

vacuum circuit breaker --- double break --- prestrike characteristics --- vacuum interrupter --- prestrike gap --- gaseous breakdown --- SF6 --- CO2 --- surface roughness --- statistical enlargement laws --- vacuum arc --- DC circuit breaker --- current interruption --- magnetic field --- plasma physics --- zero-crossing --- circuit breaker --- switching arc --- optical emission spectroscopy --- ablation --- current zero --- SF6 alternative gases --- PTFE --- optical absorption spectroscopy --- Swan bands --- CuF --- hybrid dc circuit breaker --- vacuum arc commutation --- solid-state switch --- vacuum arc voltage --- air arc plasma --- Thomson actuator --- magnetohydrodynamic simulations --- fast switch --- optical diagnostics

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Bionanoparticles such as microorganisms and exosomes are recognized as important targets for clinical applications, food safety, and environmental monitoring. Other nanoscale biological particles, including liposomes, micelles, and functionalized polymeric particles are widely used in nanomedicines. The recent development of microfluidic and nanofluidic technologies has enabled the separation and analysis of these species in a lab-on-a-chip platform, while there are still many challenges to address before these analytical tools can be adopted in practice. For example, the complex matrices within which these species reside in create a high background for their detection. Their small dimension and often low concentration demand creative strategies to amplify the sensing signal and enhance the detection speed. This Special Issue aims to recruit recent discoveries and developments of micro- and nanofluidic strategies for the processing and analysis of biological nanoparticles. The collection of papers will hopefully bring out more innovative ideas and fundamental insights to overcome the hurdles faced in the separation and detection of bionanoparticles.

n/a --- magnetic field --- microfluidic device --- ballpoint pen printing --- paper-based microfluidic device --- online analysis --- nanoporous membrane --- dielectric film --- digital microfluidic chip --- HIV diagnostics --- precipitation --- optically induced dielectrophoresis (ODEP) --- digital microfluidic device --- fluorescence --- ferrofluids --- cancer metastasis --- flow focusing --- image processing --- electrowetting --- light diffraction --- lensfree --- nanoparticle characterization --- multi-step assay --- cell isolation --- biomarker detection --- microparticles --- conductive electrode --- single particle analysis --- plastic wrap --- second-hand smoke --- flow control --- surface acoustic wave --- droplet actuation --- circulating tumour cells (CTCs) --- lipid nanoparticles --- crop disease --- cross-flow filtration --- oxidized hollow mesoporous carbon nanosphere --- microfluidic systems --- 3-ethenylpyridine --- microfluidic --- microfluidics --- COMSOL --- plug flow mixer