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Poised at the convergence of most catabolic and anabolic pathways, mitochondria are the center of heterotrophic aerobic life, representing a hub in the overall metabolic network of cells. The energetic functions performed by mitochondria face the unavoidable redox hurdle of handling huge amounts of oxygen while keeping its own as well as the cellular redox environment under control. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in the respiratory chain as a result of the energy supplying function of mitochondria. Originally considered an unavoidable by-product of oxidative phosphorylation, ROS have become crucial signaling molecules when their levels are kept within physiological range. This occurs when their production and scavenging are balanced within mitochondria and cells. Mitochondria-generated hydrogen peroxide can act as a signaling molecule within mitochondria or in the cytoplasm, affecting multiple networks that control, for example, cell cycle, stress response, cell migration and adhesion, energy metabolism, redox balance, cell contraction, and ion channels. However, under pathophysiological conditions, excessive ROS levels can happen due to either overproduction, overwhelming of antioxidant defenses, or both. Under oxidative stress, detrimental effects of ROS include oxidation of protein, lipids, and nucleic acids; mitochondrial depolarization and calcium overload; and cell-wide oscillations mediated by ROS-induced ROS release mechanisms. Mitochondrial dysfunction is central in the pathogenesis of numerous human maladies including cardiomyopathies and neurodegeneration. Diseases characterized by altered nutrient metabolism, such as diabetes and cancer, exhibit elevated ROS levels. These may contribute to pathogenesis by increasing DNA mutation, affecting regulatory signaling and transcription, and promoting inflammation. Under metabolic stress, several ionic channels present in the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes can have pro-life and -death effects. In the present E-book, based on the Frontiers Research Topic entitled: "Mitochondria: Hubs of cellular signaling, energetics and redox balance", we address one of the fundamental questions that the field of ROS biology faces today: how do mitochondria accomplish a reliable energy provision and at the same time keep ROS levels within physiological, non-harming, limits but crucial for cellular signaling function? Additionally, and within the perspective of mitochondria as signaling-energetic hubs in the extensive cellular metabolic network, we ask how can their collective dynamics scale from the subcellular to the cellular, tissue and organ levels to affect function in health and disease.

redox and energetic compartmentation --- light- and anesthetics-induced cardioprotection --- redox metabolism and signaling --- hypertrophic and diabetic cardiomyopathies --- skeletal-cardiac muscle and brain protection --- ketone bodies --- post-translational modifications --- redox aging --- lipid catabolism --- necroptosis

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Exercise necessitates increased energy production to match the elevated demand of physical activity, the magnitude of which varies significantly by activity, sport, and/or athletic position. While long term nutritional habitus is known to impact exercise performance, short term or acute nutritional strategies may also prove beneficial, or detrimental, to athletic performance. Modifications to macro- or micro-nutrient intakes likely influence athletic capacity through the altered metabolic capacity, although cardiovascular, respiratory, or neurocognitive effects are not to be discounted as possibly being influenced by altering the nutritional approach. Similarly, dietary supplementation with factors such as probiotics or antioxidants, either acutely or chronically, is also a likely avenue in which to optimize athletic performance. Supplementation, or the timing of supplementation, diurnally or with activity, may help to bridge gaps between dietary intakes and needs, perhaps as a result of either an inadequate intake and/or high level of athletic demand via high intensity, frequency, volume, or a combination thereof. Altering nutritional strategy for athletic performance is a de facto approach employed by athletes, often occurring seemingly independent of knowledge or evidence for or against a particular strategy. Rigorous studies of nutritional manipulation, supplementation, or those exploring the temporal optimization of nutrition or supplementation are desperately needed in an ever-changing sports nutrition landscape with an increasingly larger audience.

natural polyphenols --- curcumin --- muscle-damaging exercise --- anti-inflammatory --- antioxidants --- physical activity --- Carbohydrate --- high-intensity exercise --- fatigue --- ergogenic aids --- maximum oxygen consumption --- performance sports --- physical fitness --- sports nutrition --- continuous glucose monitoring --- carbohydrate --- trail running --- Freestyle Libre --- ketone ester --- ketogenic diet --- ketone salt --- MCT --- rotarod --- R-βHB --- beta-alanine --- ergogenic aid --- physical performance --- aerobic–anaerobic transition zone --- Paralympic powerlifting --- supplementation --- creatine --- performance --- nitric oxide --- dietary supplements --- oxygen consumption --- muscle fibres --- body composition --- strength parameters --- endurance --- training --- racquet sports --- sport supplement --- exercise --- carbohydrates --- time trial --- substrate utilization --- fat oxidation --- gastrointestinal distress --- satiety --- gut microbiota --- probiotics --- athletes --- cognitive performance --- recovery --- salt --- sarcopenia --- renalase --- body fat percentage --- knee extensor muscle strength --- single-leg stance time --- maximum gait speed --- long seat type body anteflexion --- chair rise test

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Research on molecule-based magnetic materials was systematized in the 1980s and expanded rapidly. A Special Issue focusing on molecule-based magnetic substances was published in Magnetochemistry. However, the functionalities of the substances increase daily; therefore, the researchers’ quest is not yet in decline. Research on molecule-based magnetism developed across many fields, including chemistry, physics, material chemistry, and applied physics, and the use of the various functionalities of these molecule-based magnetic substances has greatly influenced research on spin-based devices. In honor of Professor Masahiro Yamashita, who contributed greatly to this field, I have put together a Special Issue that highlights ten groundbreaking articles. The issue is entitled, “A Themed Issue of Functional Molecule-Based Magnets: Dedicated to Professor Masahiro Yamashita on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday”. I wish to thank the authors for their dedicated work, and the referees and editorial staff for the time they invested commenting on the articles.

pressure effect --- slow magnetic relaxation --- n/a --- graphene oxide --- mixed metal Co/Ln clusters --- X-ray diffraction --- magnetism --- AC susceptibility --- two-dimensional (2D) ferrimagnets --- cobalt --- coordination clusters --- lanthanides --- DFT calculation --- long-range magnetic ordering --- iron complex --- single-molecule magnets --- lanthanide complex --- coordination polymers --- octacyanidoniobate(IV) --- ferromagnetism --- nickel(II) --- heterometallic layers --- single-molecule magnet --- spin crossover --- high pressure --- molecule-based magnets --- chloranilato --- [2 --- crystal structure --- lanthanide ions --- honeycomb layers --- 3d/4f metal clusters --- di-2 pyridyl ketone

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Kinetics and reactor modeling for heterogeneous catalytic reactions are prominent tools for investigating and understanding catalyst functionalities at nanoscale and the related rates of complex reaction networks. This book illustrates some examples related to the transformation of simple to more complex feedstocks, including different types of reactor designs, i.e., steady-state, transient plug flow reactors, and TAP reactors for which there is sometimes a strong gap in the operating conditions from ultra-high-vacuum to high-pressure conditions. In conjunction, new methodologies have emerged, giving rise to more robust microkinetics models. As exemplified, they include the kinetics and the dynamics of the reactors and span a large range of length and time scales. The objective of this Special Issue is to provide contributions that can illustrate recent advances and novel methodologies for elucidating the kinetics of heterogeneous reactions and the necessary multiscale approach for optimizing the reactor design. This book is dedicated to postgraduate and scientific researchers, and experts in heterogeneous catalysis. It may also serve as a source of original information for the elaboration of lessons on catalysis for Master students.

microkinetics --- n/a --- internal effectiveness factor --- FTIR spectroscopy --- automation --- power-law --- AEIR method --- promoter --- TAP reactor --- rhodium --- Temkin model --- mechanism analysis --- H2S --- N2O --- catalytic decomposition --- cracking --- 1 --- 2 --- methanol-to-olefins (MTO) --- zeolite --- ZSM-23 --- kinetic model --- pilot-scale fixed-bed reactor --- methane --- effective diffusion coefficient --- SAPO-18 --- kinetics --- alkali metal --- ZSM-5 --- digitalization --- gas-phase oxidation --- kinetic modeling --- temporal analysis of products --- selective oxidation --- Methyl Ethyl Ketone --- amorphous calcium phosphate --- reactor modeling --- HNO3 --- 3-Butadiene --- transient kinetics --- catalytic combustion --- cobalt mixed oxide --- 3-Butanediol dehydration --- ammonia decomposition --- heats of adsorption --- Pd/?-Al2O3 --- SAPO-34 --- Langmuir–Hinshelwood --- hierarchical graphite felts

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Nutrition, often along with physical activity, is by now acknowledged as a cornerstone in the prevention and even more so the treatment of many diseases. Indeed, food and nutritional intake nowadays are often thought to be the main source of wellbeing sometimes over- but also underestimating the impact of nutritional intake, dietary pattern and food-derived natural compounds in their impact on human health. In this Special Issue entitled `Clinical Nutrition: Recent Advances and Remaining Challenges´ a broad overview and summary on recent findings in various fields of clinical nutrition with special focus on chronic and degenerative diseases like metabolic diseases, cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, sarcopenia but also malnutrition in elderly, infants and children is provided. Nutrition, often along with physical activity, is by now acknowledged as a cornerstone in the prevention and even more so the treatment of many diseases. Indeed, food and nutritional intake nowadays are often thought to be the main source of wellbeing sometimes over- but also underestimating the impact of nutritional intake, dietary pattern and food-derived natural compounds in their impact on human health. In this Special Issue entitled `Clinical Nutrition: Recent Advances and Remaining Challenges´ a broad overview and summary on recent findings in various fields of clinical nutrition with special focus on chronic and degenerative diseases like metabolic diseases, cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, sarcopenia but also malnutrition in elderly, infants and children is provided.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- malnutrition --- cirrhosis --- nutritional screening --- nutritional assessment --- gut–liver axis --- macronutrients --- micronutrients --- dysbiosis --- diet --- enteral nutrition --- inflammatory bowel disease --- nutrition --- nutritional therapy --- prevention --- artificial nutrition --- nasogastric feeding --- nasogastric tube --- palliative care --- calcium oxalate stone formation --- dietary assessment --- fatty acids --- fluid --- oxalate --- protein --- sodium --- uric acid --- water --- insulin --- lifestyle --- non-alcoholic --- steatohepatitis --- fibrosis --- metabolic syndrome --- weight loss --- time-restricted feeding --- intermittent fasting --- low-carb diet --- liver disease --- Brugada syndrome --- long QT syndrome --- ingredients --- glucose --- ketone bodies --- ROS --- sudden cardiac death --- bariatric surgery --- cardiovascular disease --- endovascular bariatric surgery --- obesity --- oral nutritional supplements --- perioperative nutrition --- sarcopenia --- gastrointestinal surgery --- behaviour --- nutrition supplements --- type 2 diabetes --- ageing --- inflammaging --- anorexia of aging --- DoMAP --- GLIM criteria --- cholestasis --- chronic liver diseases --- nutritional needs --- pediatrics --- medical nutrition therapy --- critical care --- parenteral nutrition --- energy --- review --- Crohn’s disease --- gut microenvironment --- celiac disease --- gluten --- gluten-free diet --- prostate --- metabolism --- benign prostatic hyperplasia --- erectile dysfunction --- dietary recommendation --- overweight --- carbohydrate --- fat