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This book collects the peer-reviewed contributions accepted for the publication in the Special Issue “Advances in In Situ Biological and Chemical Groundwater Treatment” of the MDPI journal Water. As such, the contributions refer to a variety of widespread pollutants (chlorinated ethenes, chlorinated phenols, chromium, copper, nickel, and arsenic phenols) and new remediation approaches (bioremediation, bioelectrochemical systems, and sorption), covering lab and field studies.

microplastic --- bioplastic --- chlorinated phenols --- sorption --- kinetics --- matrix effect --- arsenic --- phosphate --- competitive surface complexes --- release --- mobility --- remediation --- magnetite nanoparticles --- onion peel --- corn silk --- adsorption --- groundwater --- chlorinated solvents --- biological reductive dechlorination --- aerobic oxidation --- qPCR --- ethenotrophs --- methanotrophs --- bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) --- hexavalent chromium --- electrobioremediation --- groundwater treatment --- heavy metals --- carbon nanotubes --- adsorption mechanism

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This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This book addresses the most recent developments in soil pollution and restoration, contaminant hydrology, and ground disturbance to stimulate fruitful technical and scientific interactions between professionals.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Environmental science, engineering & technology --- groundwater --- hydrochemistry --- hexavalent chromium contamination --- water chemistry simulation --- construction disturbance --- replacement of embankment --- foamed cement banking technology --- post-construction settlement --- method of replacement thickness calculation --- steam injection --- ethanol --- azeotropic temperature --- heterogeneous aquifers --- nitrobenzene --- microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) --- unsaturated soil --- soil-water characteristic curves --- matrix suction --- microstructure --- molecular dynamics --- mechanical properties --- montmorillonite --- basal spacing --- long-term freeze–thaw cycles --- composite heavy metal contamination --- morphological analysis --- solidification/stabilization --- groundwater level fluctuation zone --- nitrogen --- migration and transformation --- HYDRUS-1D model --- kinetic adsorption and desorption --- groundwater table fluctuations --- Pb --- migration --- experimental study --- unsaturated subgrade --- capillary barrier --- distress control of wetting --- xanthan gum --- silt --- water retention capacity --- strength --- wetting process --- microscopic tests --- overconsolidation effect --- thermal pore water pressure --- calculation method --- saturated clay --- additives --- compacted clay cover --- moisture retention --- gas diffusion barrier --- hydraulic conductivity --- tidal action --- silty-clay soil --- riparian hyporheic zone --- inorganic nitrogen --- occurrence characteristics --- influencing factors --- n/a --- long-term freeze-thaw cycles

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Long-term exposure to environmental toxicants is estimated to account for 70–90% of the risks of acquiring chronic ailments. Presently, chronic kidney disease and infertility affect a significant proportion of the world population, while research data indicate that exposure to toxic metals may contribute to the looming statistics. Alarming evidence suggests that exposure to the heavy metal cadmium may affect every stage of life, and exposure in early life may determine susceptibility to certain diseases in adulthood. Prevention of these outcomes requires avoidance of further environmental contamination, minimization of exposure, and reduction of toxic metals in food crops to the lowest achievable levels.

Trace elements --- hair --- children --- hazardous waste incinerator --- Constantí (Catalonia, Spain) --- blood lead level --- boatyard --- childhood --- lead poisoning --- fishing community --- lead weights --- β2-microglobulin --- cadmium --- creatinine clearance --- glomerular filtration --- N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase --- nephron mass --- nephrotoxicity --- trace elements --- autopsy tissues --- temporal trends --- creatinine excretion --- glomerular filtration rate --- lead --- kidney --- endocytosis --- metallothionein --- flow cytometry --- proximal tubule epithelial cells --- OGTT --- minimal model --- glucose response mechanism --- genotoxicity --- aluminum chloride --- rats --- food --- farmer --- PTWI (provisional tolerable monthly intake) --- TWI (tolerable weekly intake) --- Monte Carlo simulation --- mercury --- obesogen --- lipid profiles --- hyperlipidemia --- elevated liver enzymes --- hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] --- mitochondrial fragmentation --- dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) --- mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (MRCC I) --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- blood lead --- cellular immunity --- phagocytosis --- humoral munity --- immunosuppression --- insulin --- diabetes --- hyperglycemia --- hyperinsulinemia --- lipogenic --- β-cell toxicity --- stroke --- cerebrovascular accident --- heavy metal --- rare earth element --- case-control study --- mortality --- lifetime cadmium intake --- renal diseases --- urinary cadmium --- a follow-up study --- diet --- kidney function --- chronic kidney disease --- threshold limit --- tolerable intake level --- heavy metals --- birth weight --- preterm birth --- diet pattern --- Mediterranean diet --- pregnancy --- toxic metals --- reproduction --- testicular and ovarian structure --- n/a --- Constantí (Catalonia, Spain)