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Albumin is playing an increasing role as a versatile, biodegradable drug carrier in clinical theranostics. By applying different techniques, smart drug-delivery systems can be developed from albumin in order to improve drug delivery of different active pharmaceutical ingredients, even small-molecule drugs, peptides or enzymes. Principally, three drug delivery technologies can be distinguished for binding small-molecule or peptide drugs through the charged amino acids, carboxyl, and amino groups of albumin: physical or covalent binding of the drug to albumin through a ligand- or protein-binding group, the fusion of drug with albumin or the encapsulation of drugs into albumin nanoparticles. The accumulation of albumin in inflamed tissues and solid tumours forms the rationale for developing albumin-based drug delivery systems for targeted drug delivery. Besides tumour therapy, albumin-based drug delivery systems can be successfully applied as anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic coating for medical devices. The development and optimization of albumin nanoparticles may also be a rational and promising tool for conventional or alternative administration routes in order to improve therapy. This collection provides an overview of the significant scientific research works in this field, which may inspire researchers towards further development and utilization of these smart drug delivery systems.

Medicine. --- plasma half-life extension --- albumin conjugation --- in vivo glucose-lowering activity --- glucagon-like peptide-1 --- quality by design --- rapid equilibrium dialysis --- muco-adhesion --- brain PAMPA --- RPMI 2650 nasal epithelial cell --- human serum albumin --- dimerization --- doxorubicin --- enhanced permeability and retention effect --- antitumor --- Arthrobacter globiformis --- gout --- half-life extension --- inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction --- site-specific albumin conjugation --- thermostability --- urate oxidase --- albumin --- anti-thrombotic --- CD39 --- coating of medical devices --- stent coating --- therapeutic fusion protein --- conjugates --- vanadium --- cancer --- prodrug --- hydrogels --- EPR/ESR spectroscopy --- release behavior --- disulfide --- glioma --- conjugate --- albumin binding moieties --- peptides --- Evans blue --- 4-(p-iodophenyl)butyric acid --- integrin αvβ6 --- integrin αvβ6 binding peptide --- improved pharmacokinetics --- PET imaging

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This book, a printed edition of the Special Issue Soil Nitrogen Supply: Linking Plant Available N to Ecosystem Functions and Productivity, presents thoughtful research papers that will advance our understanding of this fascinating topic. New knowledge about modeling and the impact of cover crops, crop residues, soil amendment, and other management practices is presented in the context of agricultural and urban ecosystems.

nitrification inhibitors --- soil type --- CO2 and N2O emissions --- soil nitrogen dynamic --- winter malting barley --- malting quality indices --- summer cover crops --- sunn hemp --- crimson clover --- seeding rate --- nitrogen management --- aerobic incubation --- CO2 production --- microbial metabolism --- enzyme activities --- active biomass --- gross mineralization/immobilization --- Bradyrhizobium --- attachment --- root --- biofilm --- lectin --- soybean --- soil --- hydrophobicity --- Brassica napus --- natural variation --- nitrogen nutrition --- root system architecture --- nitrogen --- miscanthus --- willow --- field experiment --- lettuce --- plant-based amendment --- rhizosphere --- rainfall simulator --- nutrient runoff --- ammonium --- nitrate --- nitrogen use efficiency --- biochar --- total nitrogen --- soil organic carbon --- nitrogen mineralization --- nitrification --- turfgrass --- residential landscapes --- landscape patches --- urban soils --- perennial peanut --- urban landscapes --- N mineralization --- C/N ratio --- crop residue --- N availability --- NBPT --- nitrification inhibitor --- half-life --- degradation rate constant --- nitrogen leaching --- autumn tillage --- no-till --- lysimeter --- field experiment network --- soil nitrogen mineralization --- soil properties --- cropping system --- modeling --- STICS model --- n/a

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Nanobodies have become outstanding tools for biomedical research, diagnostics and therapy. Recent advances in the identification and functionalization of target-specific nanobodies now make nanobody-based approaches broadly available to many researches in the field. This book provides a compilation of original research articles and comprehensive reviews covering important and up to date aspects of research on nanobodies and their applications for immunoassays, proteomics, protein crystallization and in vitro and in vivo imaging.

Bacillus anthracis --- immunoassay --- single-domain antibody --- genetic fusion --- Beta galactosidase --- P-type ATPase --- nanobody --- llama --- Zinc-transport --- Zinc-transporting P-ATPase --- ZntA --- TNF --- fluorescent --- nanobodies --- sensor --- anti-cytokine therapy --- autoimmune disease --- Western equine encephalitis virus --- MagPlex --- toxin --- antibody --- camelid --- vaccine --- biodefense --- hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometry --- virus --- formatting --- Fc-domain --- half-life --- ischemia --- stroke --- MCAO --- single domain antibodies --- phage display --- intrabody --- intracellular antibody --- GTPase RHO --- BRET --- RAS --- chromobodies --- live-cell imaging --- compound screening --- cellular models --- single-domain antibody fragments --- molecular imaging --- molecular therapy --- nuclear imaging --- targeted fluorescence imaging --- intraoperative imaging --- Nanobody --- Single Domain Antibody --- Cancer --- Immunotherapy --- Imaging --- influenza --- influenza B virus --- hemagglutinin --- single domain antibody --- NanobodyTM --- yeast display --- epitope mapping --- GFP --- C. elegans --- development --- drosophila --- zebrafish --- targeted photodynamic therapy --- hepatocyte growth factor receptor --- HGFR --- c-Met --- Met --- VHH --- photosensitizer --- single-domain antibodies --- neurodegenerative diseases --- brain imaging --- blood–brain barrier --- delivery --- Aids --- HIV --- Llama Antibodies --- bi-specific VHH --- pepscan --- competition studies --- co-crystallisation --- n/a --- blood-brain barrier

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Targeted therapy has developed significantly in the last one and half decades, prescribing specific medications for treatment of particular diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. One of the most exciting recent developments in targeted therapies was the isolation of disease-specific molecules from natural resources, such as animal venoms and plant metabolites/toxins, for use as templates for new drug motif designs. In addition, the study of venom proteins/peptides and toxins naturally targeted mammalian receptors and demonstrated high specificity and selectivity towards defined ion channels of cell membranes. Research has also focsed intensely on receptors. The focus of this Special Issue of Toxins addressed the most recent advances using animal venoms, such as frog secretions, bee/ant venoms and plant/fungi toxins, as medicinal therapy. Recent advances in venom/toxin/immunotoxins for targeted cancer therapy and immunotherapy, along with using novel disease-specific venom-based protein/peptide/toxin and currently available FDA-approved drugs for combinationtreatments will be discussed. Finally, we included an overview of select promising toad/snake venom-based peptides/toxins potentially able to address the forthcoming challenges in this field. Both research and review articles proposing novelties or overviews, respectively, were published in this Special Issue after rigorous evaluation and revision by expert peer reviewers.

cane toad --- n/a --- B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma --- Malaysian cobras --- complement system --- decay accelerating factor --- neuroblastoma --- atopic dermatitis --- complement dependent cytotoxicity --- antioxidant enzymes --- bacterial adhesion --- cancer therapy --- N. kaouthia --- anuran skin secretion --- frog --- Apis mellifera syriaca --- solid phase extraction --- bee venom phospholipase A2 (bvPLA2) --- disintegrin --- toad toxins --- immunotoxins --- ribosome-inactivating proteins --- antimicrobial peptide (AMP) --- drug design --- Moxetumomab pasudotox --- snake venom --- antiviral activity --- in vitro effects --- bombesin-related peptide --- oxidative stress biomarkers --- half-life --- blood vessel formation --- target therapy --- 2 --- MYCN --- indolealkylamines --- Huachansu --- membrane attack complex --- bouganin --- bee venom --- SEM --- anticancer activity --- antimicrobial peptide --- house dust mite extract (DFE) --- mannose receptor --- O. hannah --- bicarinalin --- gastric cells --- melittin --- LC-ESI-MS --- dermaseptin --- smooth muscle --- apoptosis --- anticancer --- N. sumatrana --- Helicobacter pylori --- inflammation --- immunotherapy --- atopic dermatitis (AD) --- immunotoxin --- mantle cell lymphoma --- clearance --- mass spectrometry --- Bougainvillea --- rRNA N-glycosylase activity --- fungal toxin --- skin inflammation --- targeted therapy --- 4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) --- Bee venom --- VEGF --- Chansu --- bufadienolides --- obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) --- BLF1 --- antimicrobial activity --- orellanine --- VB6-845 --- acute lymphoblastic leukemia --- ribosome-inactivating protein --- CD206 --- molecular cloning --- cancer --- CD22 --- eIF4A --- obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)