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This book summarizes the found insights of grain growth behavior, of multidimensional decomposition for regular grids to efficiently parallelize computing and how to simulate recrystallization by coupling the finite element method with the phase-field method for microstructure texture analysis. The frame of the book is created by the phase-field method, which is the tool used in this work, to investigate microstructure phenomena.
Kornwachstum --- Wachstumsratenverteilung --- RekristallisationPhase-field --- Grain growth --- Recrystallization --- Parallelisierung --- Phasenfeld --- Growth rate distributions --- Parallelization
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The book is reprint version of the Special Issue entitled Research on the Regulatory Mechanisms of Algae Reproduction under Abiotic Stress Conditions, highlighting novel findings that significantly contribute to the development of our understanding of how abiotic stress-inducible reproduction is regulated by physiological responses including the life cycle trade-off.
asexual reproduction --- ‘Bangia’ sp. ESS1 --- Bangiales --- calm stress --- freezing tolerance --- fatty acid --- membrane fluidity --- climate change --- foundation species --- fucoid brown algae --- non-additive effect --- simulated herbivory --- Bangia atropurpurea --- ‘Bangia’ sp. --- heat stress --- stress memory --- thermotolerance --- macroalga --- Ulva prolifera --- obligate asexual strain --- relative growth rate --- sporulation --- land-based cultivation --- germling cluster method --- biomass allocation --- green tide --- Ulva ohnoi --- vegetative growth --- n/a --- 'Bangia' sp. ESS1 --- 'Bangia' sp.
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The large production and widespread daily consumption of plastic materials which began in the last century, together with the often inadequate collection and recycling systems, have made plastics and, consequently, microplastics (MPs) ubiquitous pollutants. Microplastic pollution as a global concern is confirmed by the research papers collected in this Special Issue; these papers come from 28 Universities and research institutions and are spread across ten countries on three continents. This Special Issue collected and published 11 novel contributions focusing on microplastics in aquatic environments, their occurrence and distribution, and the effects they might have on the environment and biota. As Guest Editors of this Special Issue, we were pleased to receive several papers concerning the interaction between microplastics and biota; despite a large number of peer-reviewed papers published on this research topic, there are still several gaps that need to be filled and there is concrete evidence suggesting that microplastic pollution may constitute a serious hazard to aquatic biota. The results of the contributions collected herein have helped to fill some knowledge gaps about the occurrence, distribution, and effects of microplastics on aquatic ecosystems. The outcomes clearly indicate that microplastic pollution is a serious environmental issue; the scientific community should increase its knowledge and understanding of how it could affect the environment, biota, and humans, and how it could be reduced and prevented.
Medicine --- Medical toxicology --- source --- fate --- bacterial degradation --- marine environment --- microplastics --- microplastic pollutant --- polystyrene --- biodegradation --- microalgae --- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances --- Muskegon Lake --- plastics --- riverine --- coastal --- estuary --- characteristics --- pollution --- population growth rate --- polyamide --- silica beads --- fitness response --- rotifers --- Brachionus fernandoi --- Brachionus calyciflorus --- egg ratio --- polystyrene microplastics --- size-dependent uptake --- vectors --- cadmium --- benzo(a)pyrene --- mussels --- invasive macroalgae --- bivalves --- marine debris --- oxidative stress --- energy balance --- byssus production --- microplastic --- grass carp --- size --- accumulation --- re-consumption --- shape --- colour --- polymer type --- blackfly larvae --- freshwaters --- Simuliidae --- additives --- plasticizers --- fibers --- cellulose --- Mediterranean Sea --- chemical characterization --- environmental pollution --- biota contamination --- n/a
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Dear Colleagues, Ruminant production systems are very important in many areas of the world and a key aspect of the economy and culture. Food quality is a complex term that includes, in addition to safety, such intrinsic characteristics as appearance, color, texture, and flavor, which are modified by both pre- and post-mortem factors. For this Special Issue, we included studies on any of these factors or preservation methods for improving the quality and shelf-life of meat. We also collected manuscripts on carcass development, quality, and valorization. We are interested in applied research and the interaction between pre- and post-mortem factors, e.g., nutrition and preservation methods for improving the quality and conservation of a carcass and meat, and methods for assessing carcass quality (ultrasound, image analysis, etc.). However, manuscripts related to the extrinsic characteristics (origin, quality labels, price, etc.) of a carcass or meat do not fall into the scope of this Special Issue.
Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- lambs --- carcass characteristics --- meat quality --- vitamin E --- rosemary residue --- cinisara breed --- beef --- cured meat --- fat --- fermented sausage --- Pisum sativum --- fatty acids --- colour --- texture --- soybean --- carcass fatness --- image analysis --- prediction --- young bulls --- goat meat --- food safety --- E. coli --- preharvest management --- postharvest intervention --- buffalo --- carcass --- costs --- meat --- supplementation --- rearing system --- tissue composition --- breed --- lipogenesis --- GPAT1 --- SNAP23 --- fatty acid composition --- Hanwoo steer --- Cape Lob Ear --- Cape Speckled --- Boer Goat --- meat goat breeds --- meat tenderness --- meat colour --- collagen --- chevon --- Onobrychis viciifolia --- condensed tannins --- performance --- plasma metabolites --- meat color --- beef cattle --- Angus bulls --- growth rate --- crossbred Holstein --- n/a
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Traditionally fatigue, fracture, damage mechanics are predictions are based on empirical curve fitting models based on experimental data. However, when entropy is used as the metric for degradation of the material, the modeling process becomes physics based rather than empirical modeling. Because, entropy generation in a material can be calculated from the fundamental equation of thematerial. This collection of manuscripts is about using entropy for "Fatigue, Fracture, Failure Prediction and Structural Health Monitoring". The theoretical paper in the collection provides the mathematical and physics framework behind the unified mechanics theory, which unifies universal laws of motion of Newton and laws of thermodynamics at ab-initio level. Unified Mechanics introduces an additional axis called, Thermodynamic State Index axis which is linearly independent from Newtonian space x, y, z and time. As a result, derivative of displacement with respect to entropy is not zero, in unified mechanics theory, as in Newtonian mechanics. Any material is treated as a thermodynamic system and fundamental equation of the material is derived. Fundamental equation defines entropy generation rate in the system. Experimental papers in the collection prove validity of using entropy as a stable metric for Fatigue, Fracture, Failure Prediction and Structural Health Monitoring.
fatigue --- system failure --- degradation analysis --- entropy generation --- stress strain --- plastic strain --- thermodynamics --- health monitoring --- copula entropy --- measure --- dependence --- multiple degradation processes --- physics of failure --- prognosis and health management --- entropy as damage --- acoustic emission --- information entropy --- thermodynamic entropy --- Jeffreys divergence --- MaxEnt distributions --- fatigue damage --- low-cycle fatigue --- satellite --- dynamic health evaluation --- fuzzy reasoning --- entropy increase rate --- creep strain --- damage mechanics --- metallic material --- mechanothermodynamics --- tribo-fatigue entropy --- wear-fatigue damage --- stress-strain state --- limiting state --- damage state --- dangerous volume --- interaction --- irreversible damage --- degradation-entropy generation theorem --- dual-phase steel --- fatigue crack growth rate --- spectrum loading --- entropy --- unified mechanics --- Ti-6Al-4V --- medium entropy alloy --- deformation twinning --- dislocation slip --- surface nano-crystallization --- shot peening --- n/a
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Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) outbreaks are a dominant natural disturbance in the forests of Canada and northeastern USA. Widespread, severe defoliation by this native insect results in large-scale mortality and growth reductions of spruce (Picea sp.) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) forests, and largely determines future age–class structure and productivity. The last major spruce budworm outbreak defoliated over 58 million hectares in the 1970s–1980s, and caused 32–43 million m3/year of timber volume losses from 1978 to 1987, in Canada. Management to deal with spruce budworm outbreaks has emphasized forest protection, spraying registered insecticides to prevent defoliation and keep trees alive. Other tactics can include salvage harvesting, altering harvest schedules to remove the most susceptible stands, or reducing future susceptibility by planting or thinning. Chemical insecticides are no longer used, and protection strategies use biological insecticides Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) or tebufenozide, a specific insect growth regulator. Over the last five years, a $30 million research project has tested another possible management tactic, termed an ‘early intervention strategy’, aimed at area-wide management of spruce budworm populations. This includes intensive monitoring to detect ‘hot spots’ of rising budworm populations before defoliation occurs, targeted insecticide treatment to prevent spread, and detailed research into target and non-target insect effects. The objective of this Special Issue is to compile the most recent research on protection strategies against spruce budworm. A series of papers will describe results and prospects for the use of an early intervention strategy in spruce budworm and other insect management.
pheromone mating disruption --- spruce budworm --- insecticide application --- multi-spectral remote sensing --- simulation --- apparent fecundity --- Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) --- Pinaceae --- Choristoneura fumiferana --- circadian rhythm --- forest protection --- early intervention strategy --- insect population management --- moth --- survival --- Phialocephala scopiformis --- moths --- optimized treatment design --- spatial-temporal patterns --- monitoring --- modelling --- science communication --- decision support system --- population control --- area-wide management --- tortricidae --- insect susceptibility --- egg recruitment --- annual defoliation --- treatment threshold --- Maine --- dispersal --- growth rate --- forest pests --- Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) --- mixed effect models --- intertree variance --- endophytic fungi --- Acadian region --- insecticides --- defoliation --- Abies balsamea --- Picea glauca --- immigration --- defoliation prediction --- early intervention --- Quebec --- phenology --- aerobiology --- economic losses --- spatial autocorrelation --- foliage protection --- computable general equilibrium model --- economic and ecological cost: benefit analyses --- hardwood content --- plant tolerance --- Lepidoptera --- migration
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Marine creatures are rich sources of glycoconjugate-containing glycans and have diversified structures. The advance of genomics has provided a valuable clue for their production and developments. This information will encourage breeding and engineering functional polysaccharides with slime ingredients in algae. These glycans will have the potential for applications to antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial drugs in addition to health supplements and cosmetics. The combination of both biochemical and transcriptome approaches of marine creatures will lead to the opportunity to discover new activities of proteins such as glycan-relating enzymes and lectins. These proteins will also be used for experimental and medical purposes, such as diagnostics and trial studies. The topic of marine glycomics is also focusing on understanding the physiological properties of marine creatures, such as body defense against pathogens and cancers. In the competitions for natural selection, living creatures have evolved both their glycans and their recognition. They have primitive systems of immunity, and few of their mechanisms are closely related to glycans. If we are able to describe the accumulation of data of glycans of creatures living in the seashore and the oceans, we may be able to anticipate a time when we can talk about the ecosystem with glycans. That knowledge will be useful for the development of drugs that cure our diseases and for an understanding of living systems in addition to the preservation of living environments.
Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Acropora tenuis --- coral --- chemoattraction --- lectin --- white-spotted charr lectin --- oncolytic vaccinia virus --- interferon --- antiviral response --- Chlorella vulgaris --- Dunaliella salina --- Arthrospira platensis --- growth rate --- accumulation of carbohydrates --- biohydrogen --- antibacterial activity --- anticancer activity --- antifungal activity --- Aplysia kurodai --- apoptosis --- Ehrlich ascites carcinoma --- sulfated fucose-rich polysaccharides --- sulfated fucan --- fucosylated chondroitin sulfate --- fucoidan --- oral administration --- anticoagulant activity --- fucosylated glycosaminoglycan --- anticoagulant --- platelet aggregation --- contact activation --- hypotension --- pulmonary embolism --- sulfated polysaccharides --- marine hydrobionts --- antiparasitic activity --- protozoa --- malaria --- leishmaniasis --- trypanosomiasis --- schistosomiasis --- cryptosporidiosis --- trichomoniasis --- bivalve mollusk --- C1q domain-containing --- lectin-like --- pattern recognition receptor --- polysaccharides --- interstitial compartment --- marine worms --- sipunculids --- bioactive properties --- peptides --- rotifera --- pattern recognition receptors --- microbe-associated molecular patterns --- innate immunity --- C-type lectins --- C1q domain-containing proteins --- galectins --- bacterial exopolysaccharides --- bioflocculanting activity --- microalgae growth-promoting bacterium --- harmful algal bloom-forming dinoflagellate --- Alexandrium catenella --- Mameliella alba --- n/a
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Process monitoring and control are fundamental to all processes; this holds especially for bioprocesses, due to their complex nature. Usually, bioprocesses deal with living cells, which have their own regulatory systems. It helps to adjust the cell to its environmental condition. This must not be the optimal condition that the cell needs to produce whatever is desired. Therefore, a close monitoring of the cell and its environment is essential to provide optimal conditions for production. Without measurement, no information of the current process state is obtained. In this book, methods and techniques are provided for the monitoring and control of bioprocesses. From new developments for sensors, the application of spectroscopy and modelling approaches, the estimation and observer implementation for ethanol production and the development and scale-up of various bioprocesses and their closed loop control information are presented. The processes discussed here are very diverse. The major applications are cultivation processes, where microorganisms were grown, but also an incubation process of bird’s eggs, as well as an indoor climate control for humans, will be discussed. Altogether, in 12 chapters, nine original research papers and three reviews are presented.
bioenvironmental control --- model-predictive controller --- zonal controlling --- dynamic modelling --- flotation --- bioleaching --- frother --- mixed culture --- machine learning --- Raman spectroscopy --- downstream processing --- chromatography --- flow cell --- extended Kalman filter --- biotechnological processes --- bioreactor control --- specific growth rate control --- batch-to-batch reproducibility --- thermal sensation --- thermal comfort --- machine-learning --- prediction --- adaptive controlling --- thermal growth curve --- temperature modeling --- thermoregulation --- monitoring and control --- bioprocess engineering --- calorimetry --- biocontrol agent --- Bacillus subtilis natto --- isolation --- molecular identification --- medium optimization --- antimicrobial activity --- bactericides --- spectral analyses --- biological selenate reduction --- electron donor competition --- nitrate --- perchlorate --- sequencing batch --- Pseudomonas --- siderophores --- antagonism --- batch fermentation --- exponential fed-batch fermentation --- bio-friendly formulations --- biocontrol --- nonlinear state estimation --- geometric observer --- bioreactor --- continuous system --- model-based sensor --- well-defined macromolecules --- sequence-defined macromolecules --- sequence-defined polymers --- conjugated oligomers --- oligo(arylene ethynylene)s --- biosensors --- sensors --- process monitoring --- bioprocess monitoring and control --- signal noise management --- dielectric spectroscopy --- PAT --- microbial bioprocessing --- n/a
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The modern understanding of metal plasticity and fracturing began about 100 years ago, with pioneering work; first, on crack-induced fracturing by Griffith and, second, with the invention of dislocation-enhanced crystal plasticity by Taylor, Orowan and Polanyi. The modern counterparts are fracture mechanics, as invented by Irwin, and dislocation mechanics, as initiated in pioneering work by Cottrell. No less important was the breakthrough development of optical characterization of sectioned polycrystalline metal microstructures started by Sorby in the late 19th century and leading eventually to modern optical, x-ray and electron microscopy methods for assessments of crystal fracture surfaces, via fractography, and particularly of x-ray and electron microscopy techniques applied to quantitative characterizations of internal dislocation behaviors. A major current effort is to match computational simulations of metal deformation/fracturing behaviors with experimental measurements made over extended ranges of microstructures and over varying external conditions of stress-state, temperature and loading rate. The relation of such simulations to the development of constitutive equations for a hoped-for predictive description of material deformation/fracturing behaviors is an active topic of research. The present collection of articles provides a broad sampling of research accomplishments on the two subjects.
dislocation mechanics --- yield strength --- grain size --- thermal activation --- strain rate --- impact tests --- brittleness transition --- fracturing --- crack size --- fracture mechanics --- Hall-Petch equation --- Griffith equation --- size effect --- mechanical strength --- pearlitic steels --- suspension bridge cables --- dislocation microstructure --- fractal analysis --- plasticity --- representative volume element --- dislocation structure --- dislocation correlations --- dislocation avalanches --- nanotwin --- nanograin --- Au–Cu alloy --- micro-compression --- Cu-Zr --- ECAP --- deformation --- quasi-stationary --- subgrains --- grains --- coarsening --- Cu–Zr --- ultrafine-grained material --- dynamic recovery --- transient --- load change tests --- Charpy impact test --- GMAW --- additive manufacturing --- secondary cracks --- anisotropy --- linear flow splitting --- crystal plasticity --- DAMASK --- texture --- EBSD --- crack tip dislocations --- TEM --- grain rotation --- fatigue --- dislocation configurations --- residual stress --- indentation --- serration --- temperature --- dislocation --- artificial aging --- solid solution --- loading curvature --- aluminum alloy --- holistic approach --- dislocation group dynamics --- dynamic factor --- dislocation pile-up --- yield stress --- dislocation creep --- fatigue crack growth rate
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In recent years, we have assisted the remarkable growth in the use of functional polyesters. This book gathers novel research works dealing with the manufacturing and characterization of polyesters that have been functionalized by synthesis, copolymerization, additives (at micro- and nanoscale), surface modification, among other methodologies, to tailor desired properties in terms of mechanical, chemical, thermal, and barrier properties, biodegradation, and biocompatibility. Thus, Advances in Manufacturing and Characterization of Functional Polyesters will serve to guide a diverse audience of polymer scientists and engineers and provides an update of the “state-of-the-art” knowledge on functional polyesters.
poly(lactic acid), halloysite nanotubes --- mechanical characterization --- morphology --- thermal characterization --- bio-based --- poly(ethyelene terephthalate)—PET --- poly(amide) 1010—PA1010 --- mechanical properties --- compatibilization --- Xibond™ 920 --- PLA --- OLA --- impact modifier --- shape memory --- packaging applications --- isodimorphism --- random copolymers --- crystallization --- nucleation --- growth rate --- bio-PET --- r-PET --- chain extenders --- reactive extrusion --- secondary recycling --- food packaging --- recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) --- rPET --- Calcium terephthalate salts --- high performance nanocomposites --- flax --- green composites --- fiber pretreatment --- almond shell waste --- reinforcing --- polyester-based biocomposites --- physicochemical properties --- disintegration --- biopolymers composites --- MgO nanoparticles --- MgO whiskers --- in vitro degradation --- in vivo degradation --- P(3HB-co-3HHx) --- nHA --- nanocomposites --- bone reconstruction --- biomedical polymers --- hydroxyapatite --- halloysite --- Bayesian reconstruction --- homogeneity --- porous materials --- polyester fibrous materials --- copolyester --- dimensional stability --- flexible optical devices --- uniaxial stretching --- birefringence --- and barrier properties --- n/a --- poly(ethyelene terephthalate)-PET --- poly(amide) 1010-PA1010
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