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Acidophiles are an important category of microorganisms defined by their ability to withstand and even grow in acidic environments. They are present in terrestrial and marine environments as well as the human body. The diversity, adaptation, and functions of these microorganisms can contribute to the development and application of new biotechnologies for resolving problems of resource exploitation, pollution, and human disease. This book presents breakthroughs and insights into the research on acidophiles. Chapters cover such topics as the two-component system (TCS) in the regulation of the sulfur metabolic process, adaptation mechanisms of acidophiles to low pH, regulation mechanisms and application strategy of quorum sensing in bioleaching bacteria, and Lactobacillus acidophilus and its potential role as a therapeutic for human bone disorders.

Microorganisms. --- Geomicrobiology.

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Since its inception, the Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO) has coalesced a multidisciplinary and international group of researchers focused on understanding and quantifying Earth’s deep carbon budget. Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe, and understanding carbon chemistry under a variety of environmental conditions impacts all aspects of planetary sciences, including planet formation, the form and function of planetary interiors, and the origin and diversity of life. DCO recognizes that is integrating and promoting the contributions of early career scientists are integral to the advancement of knowledge regarding the quantities, movements, origins, and forms of Earth’s deep carbon through field, experimental, analytical, and computational research. Early career scientists represent the future of deep carbon science and contribute substantially to ongoing research by implementing innovative ideas, challenging traditional working schemes, and bringing a globally interconnected perspective to the scientific community. This research topic highlights the contributions at the forefront of deep carbon research by DCO Early Career Scientist community. The manuscripts of this Frontiers e-volume bear evidence of the rapid advances in deep carbon science, and highlights the importance of approaching this field from a plethora of different angles integrating disciplines as diverse as mineralogy, geochemistry and microbiology. This integration is fundamental in understanding the movements and transformations of carbon across its deep cycle.

geomicrobiology --- geochemistry --- deep carbon --- carbon minerals --- high temperature high pressure --- volcanism

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Beyond being the most important natural compound source, actinomycetes are the origin of up to two-thirds of all clinically used antibiotics. Currently, new antimicrobials are urgently needed, as infections caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens are on the rise. In the identification of new antibiotics, many scientists are currently investigating biosynthetic aspects of antibiotic production in actinomycetes. Since the emergence of next-generation sequencing technologies, the field of antibiotics research has experienced a remarkable revival. These bacteria have the potential to produce more antibiotics than previously thought possible. Some antibiotics are produced in standard media, while others require the presence of a specific signaling molecule in the medium. Others, however, are only produced when the native regulation of the biosynthesis gene cluster is overruled. This book covers topics in the field of antibiotic-producing actinomycetes. The following tops are addressed: - Approaches to access novel antibiotic producers for novel natural compounds - Omics and genome mining approaches for the discovery of novel natural compounds - Analyses and genetic engineering of antibiotic biosynthesis - Regulation of the secondary metabolism in actinomycetes

Streptomyces --- biogeography --- comparative genomics --- diversification --- secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters --- SMGC --- natural products --- streptomyces --- rishirilide --- biosynthesis --- polyketides --- polynucleotide phosphorylase --- ribonuclease --- regulation --- promoter --- RNA decay --- polyadenylation --- (p)ppGpp --- antibiotic --- antibiotics --- geomicrobiology --- Illumina sequencing --- microbiome diversity --- Actinobacteria --- Cave microbiology --- secondary metabolite --- rare Actinobacteria --- Amycolatopsis --- unculturability --- siderophore --- glycopeptide antibiotics --- dbv cluster --- regulatory genes --- StrR --- LAL --- LuxR solo --- dalbavancin --- A40926 --- Streptomyces lividans --- secretion pathways --- secretory proteins --- signal peptides --- actinomycetes --- teicoplanin --- van resistance genes --- Streptomyces tsukubaensis --- tacrolimus --- FK506 --- omics --- screening --- secondary metabolism --- differentiation --- elicitors --- morphology --- liquid cultures --- metagenomics --- rare actinomycetes --- dereplication --- metabolomics --- genome mining --- secondary metabolites --- novel compounds --- physicochemical screening --- physical and chemical properties --- structural diversity --- biological activity --- Actinoallomurus --- antibiotics polyethers --- lysolipin --- minimal PKS II --- cyclases --- benz[a]naphthacene quinone --- tridecaketide --- aromatic polyketide --- pentacyclic angular polyphenol --- extended polyketide chain --- actinobacteria --- β-lactamase --- resistance --- β-lactamase inhibitor --- polyketide synthases --- acyltransferases --- engineering --- new bioactive compounds --- symbiosis --- drug discovery --- chemical ecology --- culture-based approaches --- strain --- specialized metabolites --- biosynthetic gene cluster --- n/a