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Background: The gut microbiota is emerging as a pivotal player in the pathogenesis of many non-communicable diseases. Thus, it has been proposed as a new diagnostic and therapeutic target.Aim and scope: This Special Issue will focus on the microbiome as a potential target of new personalized therapies or diagnostic tools.History: In recent decades, the gut microbiome has been deeply investigated, and many studies have provided new information on the role of dysbiosis in many gastrointestinal and extra-gastrointestinal diseases. Recently, in addition to its phylogenetic characterization, new information has become available regarding the function of the gut microbiota, thanks to proteomic and metabolomic analyses.Cutting-edge research: The therapeutic modulation of the gut microbiota based on different strategies, including diet modification, antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, and, last but not least, fecal microbiota transplantation, has been tested for the treatment of various diseases. Recently, the possible applications and modalities of gut microbiota modulation have been increasingly expanding.We have collected original clinical or pre-clinical research papers and reviews focusing on the use of the microbiome for disease diagnosis, monitoring, or therapy and suggesting new possible gut microbiota-based approaches for personalized care.

Medicine --- Graves–Basedow’s diseases --- Hashimoto’s thyroiditis --- autoimmunity --- gut microbiota --- irritable bowel syndrome --- microbiota --- microbiome --- food components --- nutrients --- hematopoietic stem cell transplantation --- fecal microbiota transplantation --- aGvHD --- antibiotic-resistant bacteria --- cystic fibrosis --- rabbits --- intestinal dysbiosis --- feces microbiome --- beta-blocker --- hemodialysis --- next-generation sequencing --- propensity score matching methods --- violin plots --- random sampling --- analytical reproducibility --- fecal matter transplantation --- data disease subtypes --- personalized medicine --- maltodextrin --- dip test --- gallstone disease --- 16S rDNA gene diversity --- blood biochemical characteristics --- mesothelioma --- 16S RNA sequencing --- species --- probiotics and gut disease --- probiotics and acute diverticulitis --- probiotics and diverticular disease --- probiotics mechanism of action --- IgA Nephropathy --- rifaximin --- α1KI-CD89Tg mice --- children --- intermittent hypoxemia --- obstructive sleep apnea --- tonsil --- weight status --- oral microbiota --- rheumatology diseases --- biomarkers --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- rheumatoid arthritis --- Sjogren’s syndrome --- systemic lupus erythematosus --- endometrial cancer --- endometrial microbiome --- gut microbiome --- dysbiosis --- estrogen metabolism --- estrobolome --- inflammation --- antitumour treatment --- prebiotics --- probiotics --- schizophrenia --- depression --- anxiety --- functional genes --- thymoma --- genera --- driver mutation --- cardiovascular diseases --- critically ill --- intestinal permeability --- recurrent cystitis --- n/a --- Graves-Basedow's diseases --- Hashimoto's thyroiditis --- Sjogren's syndrome