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The discovery and introduction of penicillin into therapeutics changed the prognostic of infectious diseases, altered the path of medicine and saved innumerous lives. It was a major discovery in the history of medicine and represented the starting point for research that led to the discovery of other antibiotics. Portugal was one of the first European countries, non-participant in the II World War, to obtain penicillin for civilian use. Good diplomatic relations between Portugal, Brazil and the United States of America (USA) were decisive in attaining penicillin for our country. Portuguese pharmacists and physicians immediately perceived the significance of the antibiotic and developed innumerous studies pertaining the clinical applications and quality of the antibiotic.

Scientific literature --- Penicillin --- Research --- Daily press --- Portugal

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Antimuslimischer Alltagsrassismus zeigt sich häufig im Latenten und Unbewussten. Als Teil orientalistischer Wissensumwelten, die Muslim*innen als »Andere« markieren, entfalten sich rassistische Erzählungen dabei zunehmend auch in aufgeklärten Milieus. Doch wie lässt sich latenter Rassismus konkret benennen - und: Wenn jenes »Wissen« uns alle umgibt, ist ein Sprechen jenseits rassistischer Zuschreibungen überhaupt möglich? Sabrina Schmidt rekonstruiert die vielfältigen Formen rassistischer Diskurs- und Argumentationspraxen und liefert so ein umfassendes Verständnis der Funktionsweise eines kommunikativen Alltagsrassismus, wie er vor allem von Personen der gesellschaftlichen Mitte realisiert wird.

Communication. --- Daily Life. --- Islam. --- Knowledge. --- Language. --- Media. --- Middle Class. --- Migration. --- Milieu. --- Muslim. --- Social Inequality. --- Sociology. --- SOCIAL SCIENCE / Discrimination & Race Relations.

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Circadian rhythms are biological processes displaying endogenous and entrainable oscillations of about 24 hours. They are driven by a group of genes called clock genes that have been widely observed in plants, animals and even in bacteria. In mammals, the core clock genes are rhythmically expressed in both the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the master clock residing in the hypothalamus, and almost all peripheral tissues where they control numerous target genes in a circadian manner, and thus affect many physiological and biochemical processes. Evidence suggests that disruption of the circadian rhythms (or desynchronization) is a significant risk factor for the development of metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancer and sleep disorders. Evidence also suggests that the disruption suppresses immune function and increases vulnerability to infectious diseases. Restoring or strengthening the circadian rhythm may be therapeutic for these conditions. This becomes exceptionally important in modern societies because many people are suffering from frequent desynchronization due to shift working, exposure to artificial light, travel by transmeridian air flight, and involvement in social activities. Besides, the temporal variations in the incidence and severity of many diseases, such as the onset of cardiovascular events, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), inflammatory diseases and mental disorders have also drawn increasing attention to the circadian clock. The circadian rhythms affect not only the health status, but also the drug efficiency. The effects (and side effects) of many drugs vary with biological timing. The tolerance of many medications displays circadian variation as well. The timing of medical treatment in coordination with the body clock may significantly increase the desired effects of drugs, and lower the dose and toxicity. In addition, circadian rhythms can also be modulated by some therapeutic drugs, for example, melatonin and modafinil, which are used to treat circadian rhythm sleep disorders. In this Research Topic, we assemble a series of critical review and research articles that focus on the therapeutic implications of circadian rhythms.

Circadian rhythms --- Health aspects. --- Effect of chemicals on --- Therapeutic use. --- Behavior, Circadian --- Biological clocks, Daily --- Circadian behavior --- Circadian clocks --- Circadian cycles --- Clocks, Circadian --- Cycles, Circadian --- Daily activity cycles --- Daily biological clocks --- Diel cycles --- Diurnal rhythms --- Rhythms, Circadian --- Biological rhythms --- Chemicals --- Physiological effect --- Cardiovascular Diseases --- Central Nervous System --- Therapeutic implications --- Circadian Clocks --- Clinical relevance --- Circadian Rhythm --- Metabolism --- circadian disruption --- Effect of chemicals on.

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Scholars of Russian culture have always paid close attention to texts and their authors, but they have often forgotten about the readers. These volumes illuminate encounters between the Russians and their favorite texts, a centuries-long and continent-spanning “love story” that shaped the way people think, feel, and communicate. The fruit of thirty-one specialists’ research, Reading Russia represents the first attempt to systematically depict the evolution of reading in Russia from the eighteenth century to the present day. The second volume of Reading Russia considers the evolution of reading during the long nineteenth century (1800-1917), particularly in relation to the emergence of new narrative and current affairs publications: novels, on the one hand, and daily newspapers, weekly magazines and thick journals, on the other. The volume examines how economic and social transformations, technological progress and the development of the publishing industry taking place in Russia gradually led to a significant expansion of the reading public. At the same time, in part due to the influence of new literature reading policies in schools, there was a greater cultural standardisation of Russian society, which was partially opposed by new forms of poetic reading.

History --- Literature Slavic --- Literature (General) --- Cultura russa --- i russi e i loro testi preferiti --- evoluzione della lettura in Russia --- 1800-1917 --- romanzi --- quotidiani --- settimanali --- standardizzazione culturale del russo --- nuove forme di lettura poetica --- Russian culture --- Russians and their favorite texts --- evolution of reading in Russia --- novels --- daily newspapers --- weekly magazines --- cultural standardisation of Russian --- new forms of poetic reading

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Participation, defined as involvement in life situations, is important for children’s health and development. This Special Issue advances the knowledge about participation interventions and outcomes for children with disabilities in different settings and includes the perspectives of clinicians, families, and children. This is a collection of research from across the globe that advances knowledge in the following areas: - Participation interventions; - Measurement/assessment of participation outcomes; - Participation of special populations (i.e., ABI, ADHD, and ASD); and - Impact of participation on health and well being.

social participation --- adolescence --- intervention --- autism spectrum disorder --- participation --- environment --- social communication --- childhood --- disability --- measurement --- children --- social support --- family support survey --- intellectual disabilities --- low- and middle-income country --- attendance --- children with intellectual disabilities --- self-report --- Picture my Participation --- activities of daily living --- proxy report --- India --- South Africa --- occupational performance coaching --- community participation --- health-related quality of life --- Hong Kong --- preschool-aged children --- developmental disability --- longitudinal study --- physical disabilities --- inclusion --- mental health --- participation interventions --- knowledge translation --- acquired brain injury --- occupational therapy --- daily activities performance --- executive function deficit (EFD) --- home --- school --- community --- supportive factor --- structural equation modelling --- children and youth --- ADHD --- frequency --- involvement --- well-being --- rehabilitation --- PEM-CY --- cultural adaptation --- pediatric --- patient-report --- parent-report --- concept --- mental health problems --- wellbeing