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The number of older subjects is rapidly increasingly worldwide. As a consequence, the nature of clinical conditions is also changing. Traditional medicine and models of care have been based on the evaluation and treatment of single and usually acute conditions occurring in relatively young individuals. Today, the usual clinical manifestation of diseases is characterized by multiple and often chronic conditions affecting older people. In this scenario, frailty and dementia have been triggering special interest both in research and clinical settings due to their high prevalence, impact on the individual’s quality of life, and consequences for public health worldwide. These conditions aptly reflect the complexity of age-related pathological conditions, finding as causal factor a myriad of heterogeneous, interacting, and often still unclear pathophysiological processes. Indeed, their study is strongly affected by the difficulty to differentiate the effects of a normal aging process from eventual pathological deviations of the underlying systems. Their occurrence and trajectories over time are strongly affected by a wide array of factors and determinants that can be hardly attributed to the deficit/involvement of single biological systems and/or health domains. Moreover, environment and social factors also play a key role in the determination of phenotypes. The present Research Topic is aimed at widening our understanding of the frailty and dementia phenomena occurring with aging, in order to improve the clinical and public health approaches to these burdening conditions.

Dementia. --- Aging --- Psychological aspects. --- cognition --- caregiver --- Frailty --- dementia --- mild cognitive impairment --- aging --- cognitive frailty --- Alzheimer

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Old age is increasingly becoming the focus of research and development in Europe. Concerning orthopaedics and sports medicine, the elderly especially are considered as frail patients who need support to maintain the health of their musculoskeletal systems. For this reason, several interventions regarding physical activity have been investigated in recent years in order to understand whether some programs of physical activity are better than others as conservative treatments for degenerative musculoskeletal pathologies (i.e., osteoarthritis, rotator cuff arthropathy, and lower back pain). Furthermore, several investigations have been carried out to understand the best preoperative and postoperative protocols of physical activity to improve the results of orthopaedic surgery. The aim of this Special Issue was to collect the updated evidence concerning these topics in the form of a collection of systematic reviews of the literature.

aging --- cerebral cortex --- dynapenia --- elderly --- motor unit --- muscle strength --- neural --- neuroplasticity --- sarcopenia --- knee --- hip --- arthroplasty --- physical activity --- prehabilitation --- chronic low back pain --- old aged patients --- physical therapy --- walking --- global postural rehabilitation --- cycling --- hydrotherapy --- yoga --- biomarkers --- noncommunicable diseases --- hypertension --- diabetes --- active exercise --- sport --- land-based --- aquatic --- knee or hip osteoarthritis --- older people --- systematic review --- meta-analysis --- osteoarthritis --- tendinopathies --- hip arthroplasty --- knee arthroplasty --- rehabilitation --- physiotherapy --- caregiver --- orthopedic disease --- caregiver strain --- shoulder --- caregiver stress --- dyads --- replacement --- return to sport --- knee osteoarthritis --- unicompartimental knee arthroplasty --- activity --- physical exercise --- balance --- falls --- n/a

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In Zambia, due to the rise of tuberculosis and the closely connected HIV epidemic, a large number of children have experienced the illness or death of at least one parent. Children as Caregivers examines how well intentioned practitioners fail to realize that children take on active caregiving roles when their guardians become seriously ill and demonstrates why understanding children's care is crucial for global health policy. Using ethnographic methods, and listening to the voices of the young as well as adults, Jean Hunleth makes the caregiving work of children visible. She shows how children actively seek to "get closer" to ill guardians by providing good care. Both children and ill adults define good care as attentiveness of the young to adults' physical needs, the ability to carry out treatment and medication programs in the home, and above all, the need to maintain physical closeness and proximity. Children understand that losing their guardians will not only be emotionally devastating, but that such loss is likely to set them adrift in Zambian society, where education and advancement depend on maintaining familial, reciprocal relationships. View a gallery of images from the book (https://www.flickr.com/photos/childrenascaregivers)

Tuberculosis --- HIV-positive persons --- AIDS (Disease) --- Child caregivers --- Consumption (Disease) --- Lungs --- Phthisis --- Pulmonary tuberculosis --- TB (Disease) --- Chest --- Mycobacterial diseases --- Mycobacterium tuberculosis --- HIV-infected persons --- HIV infections --- HIV patients --- HIV-sero-positive persons --- HIV-seropositive persons --- People living with HIV/AIDS --- Positive persons, HIV --- -Sero-positive persons, HIV --- -Seropositive persons, HIV --- -Patients --- Acquired immune deficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunological deficiency syndrome --- Immunological deficiency syndromes --- Virus-induced immunosuppression --- Children as caregivers --- Caregivers --- Patients --- Home care --- Diseases --- HIV, aids, guardians, legal guardian, children, childhood, child, childhood studies, zambia, africa, african children, ill, illness, caregiver, caregiving, health, public policy, health policy, public health, family, family illness.

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Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an established inherited amino acid disorder with a very traditional dietary therapy, but there is still more to learn and verify about its nutritional composition, application and overall effectiveness. Although in the 1950s, the first patient successfully treated with diet therapy patently established the role of a low phenylalanine protein substitute, in present times, it is still necessary to characterise the most effective source of artificial protein; defining its optimal amino acid profile; and identifying nutrient modulation that will improve the functionality of protein substitutes. It is also important to understand the impact of a life-long synthetic diet on gut microbiota, metabolomics and inflammatory status. In early-treated patients with PKU, it is unclear if co-morbidities such as overweight, obesity, hypertension and diabetes are higher than in the general population and if these are associated with increased cardiovascular risk. It is also uncertain if overweight and obesity in PKU is related to early dietary practices, the nutritional composition of protein substitutes and special low-protein foods, impact of the dietary treatment on satiety, disordered eating patterns, non-adherence with the low phenylalanine diet and poor metabolic control, or if this is even a consequence of the disorder. In a generation of ageing patients, the impact of intermittent and suboptimal dietary adherence on nutritional status deserves systematic study.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- phenylketonuria --- special low protein foods --- nutritional composition --- UK --- macronutrients --- phenylketonuria (PKU) --- consensus --- Delphi method --- food labelling --- phenylalanine --- Phe --- protein --- exchanges --- PKU --- glycomacropeptide --- amino acid --- absorption --- diet therapy --- protein substitute --- gastrointestinal symptoms --- prolonged release --- satiety --- macronutrient intake --- protein content --- free from --- gluten free --- aspartame --- sugar tax --- phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency --- hyperphenylalaninemia --- medical formula --- amino acid mixture --- tetrahydrobiopterin --- sapropterin --- BH4 --- body composition --- bone mineral density --- bone turnover markers --- osteoporosis --- blood biochemistry --- casein glycomacropeptide --- amino acid protein substitute --- low-protein diet --- newborn screening --- metabolic control --- guidelines --- nitrogen balance --- amino acid catabolism --- blood urea nitrogen --- body mass index --- obesity --- overweight --- phenylalanine restriction --- phenylalanine-restricted diet --- food --- school --- IHCP --- parent/caregiver experiences --- England --- prescribing patterns --- costs --- adult phenylketonuria --- standard operating procedure --- inherited metabolic disorders --- dietary management --- eating out --- low protein food --- restaurants --- amino acids --- adherence --- epigenetics --- health --- preconception --- women --- dietary patterns --- food frequency questionnaire --- validation --- reproducibility

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In diesem Buch wird eine Auswahl von Erhebungs- und Auswertungsinstrumenten zur Erfassung relevanter Facetten institutioneller (schrift-)sprachlicher Bildung vorgestellt. Die sieben Verfahren fokussieren unterschiedliche Aspekte der Sprachbildung sowie Sprach- und Leseförderung in Kindertageseinrichtungen und Schulen und adressieren unterschiedliche Zielgruppen (pädagogische Fachkräfte, Lehrkräfte, Kinder). Die Instrumente, die im Rahmen der Initiative "Bildung durch Sprache und Schrift" (BiSS) entwickelt wurden, sind primär für Forschungszwecke, aber auch in der Aus- und Weiterbildung von pädagogischen Fach- und Lehrkräften einsetzbar. Ein Online-Anhang stellt die Instrumente sowie alle notwendigen Materialien zur Verfügung.

BISS --- Heterogenität --- Kindertagesstätte --- Inklusion --- KITA --- "Bildung durch Sprache und Schrift" --- Lehrerprofessionalisierung --- Bildungsforschung --- Lehrerinnenbildung --- Schriftsprachliche Bildung --- Lehrerbildung --- Erziehungswissenschaft --- "Qualitätsentwicklung Bildungswesen" --- Vorschule --- Vorschulpädagogik --- Forschung --- Hochschule --- Schriftsprache --- Sprachbildung --- Sprachförderung --- Leseförderung --- Diagnostik --- Förderungsmaßnahme --- Sprachentwicklung --- Schriftspracherwerb --- Förderdiagnostik --- Förderung --- Sprachstandsforschung --- Lesekompetenz --- Sprachkompetenz --- Sprachdiagnostik --- Fachdidaktik --- Sprachgebrauch --- Kompetenzmessung --- Handlungskompetenz --- Fachwissen --- Wissen --- Professionalisierung --- Profession --- Kompetenz --- Wissenstest --- Mathematikunterricht --- Deutschunterricht --- Fachunterricht --- Fachsprache --- Reflexion --- Feed-back --- Videoaufzeichnung --- Videoanalyse --- Unterricht --- Lehrer-Schüler-Interaktion --- Schülermitarbeit --- Transfer --- Kindertagesstätte --- Schule --- Grundschule --- Primarbereich --- Pädagogische Fachkraft --- Lehrer --- Lehramtsstudent --- Erzieher --- Erzieherin --- Berufliche Kompetenz --- Psychometrie --- Kind --- Schüler --- Bewertung --- Anwendung --- Software --- Bildungspraxis --- Sprachpraktische Übung --- Spracherwerb --- Kindergarten --- Kindergartenalltag --- Kindergartenpädagogik --- Korrektur --- Pädagogisches Handeln --- Sekundarstufe I --- Aktivierung --- Erhebungsinstrument --- Auswertung --- Instrument --- Messinstrument --- Methode --- Forschungsmethode --- Vignette --- Interview --- Leitfadeninterview --- Fragebogen --- Beobachtung --- Beobachtungsmethode --- Test --- Testvalidität --- Testverfahren --- Testkonstruktion --- Quantitative Forschung --- Qualitative Forschung --- Längsschnittuntersuchung --- Dokumentation --- Protokoll --- Empirische Forschung --- Datenerfassung --- Bayern --- Baden-Württemberg --- Nordrhein-Westfalen --- Sachsen-Anhalt --- Deutschland --- Educational research --- Research --- Linguistic input --- Promotion of reading --- Support for reading improvement --- Diagnostic --- Promotional measure --- Language development --- Reading competence --- Language skill --- Linguistic Competence --- Specialized didactics --- Subject didactics --- Language usage --- Competency measurement --- Skills measurement --- Skills measurements --- Competence for action --- Competence to act --- Specialized knowledge --- Knowledge --- Professionalization --- Competency --- Mathematics lessons --- Teaching of mathematics --- German language teaching --- Teaching of German --- Teaching of a special subject --- Language for special purposes --- Technical language --- Teaching --- Pupil Participation --- Day nursery --- School --- Elementary School --- Primary school --- Primary school lower level --- Primary education --- Primary level --- Teacher --- Student teachers --- Caregiver --- Carer --- Educational childcare staff --- Educator --- Kindergarten teacher --- Nursery school teachers --- Nursery teacher --- Pre-primary school teacher --- Female Educator --- Governess --- Psychometry --- Child --- Pupil --- Pupils --- Assessment --- Judgement --- Judgment --- Educational practices --- Language acquisition --- Nursery school --- Revision (Written Composition) --- Lower level secondary education --- Lower secondary --- Lower secondary education --- Secondary education lower level --- Mail surveys --- Data analysis --- Interpretation of literature --- Measurement instrument --- Method --- Research method --- Questionnaire --- Observation --- Test validity --- Test coaching --- Quantitative research --- Qualitative research --- Longitudinal analysis --- Longitudinal study --- Documentation --- Empirical research --- Data acquisition --- Data capture --- Baden-Wurtemberg --- Baden-Wurttemberg --- North Rhine-Westphalia --- North-Rhine Westphalia --- Saxony-Anhalt --- Germany