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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Biome --- ecosystem function --- functional traits --- vegetation --- evolutionary history --- Biogeographic history --- Biome transitions

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African ecosystems comprise a wealthy repository of biodiversity, with a high proportion of native and endemic plant species, which makes them biologically unique and providers of a wide range of ecosystem services. A large part of African populations, in both rural and urban areas, depend on plants for their survival and welfare, but many ecosystems are being degraded, mostly due to the growing impacts of climate change and other anthropogenic actions and environmental problems. Loss of habitat and biodiversity affects livelihoods, water supply and food security and reduces the resilience of ecosystems in the African continent. The knowledge about the great African plant and ecosystem diversity, and the structure, composition and processes involved in vegetation dynamics, is crucial to promote their sustainable use and to preserve one of the most understudied regions in the world. This Special Issue aimed to gather contributions that update and improve such knowledge.

ecotone --- fire --- forest core --- habitat preference --- Ngel Nyaki --- niche partitioning --- savannah --- species sorting --- torus translation --- vegetation --- aridification in NW Africa --- Macaronesian islands --- distribution patterns --- West African Monsoon (WAM) --- vascular flora --- African potato --- conservation --- commercialization --- cultivation --- Hypoxidaceae --- medicinal plant --- unsustainable harvesting --- wild harvesting --- woodland --- miombo --- savanna --- diversity --- disturbance --- Baikiaea --- biogeographic vicariance --- extinction --- phylogenomics --- gene shopping --- gene capture --- molecular dating --- Africa --- biome --- RADseq --- Monechma --- Justicia --- phylogeny --- plant diversity --- Bia Tano Forest Reserve --- gap --- regeneration --- species composition --- species diversity --- wildfires --- MODIS burnt area product --- WWF ecoregions --- land cover --- Miombo woodlands --- biodiversity conservation --- sub-Saharan Africa --- flora --- tropical biodiversity

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In a worldwide context of ever-growing competition for water and land, climate change, droughts and man-made water scarcity, and less-participatory water governance, agriculture faces the great challenge of producing enough food for a continually increasing population. In this line, this book provides a broad overview of innovation issues in the complex water–agriculture–food nexus, thus also relative to their interconnections and dependences. Issues refer to different spatial scales, from the field or the farm to the irrigation system or the river basin. Multidisciplinary approaches are used when analyzing the relationships between water, agriculture, and food security. The covered issues are quite diverse and include: innovation in crop evapotranspiration, crop coefficients and modeling; updates in research relative to crop water use and saving; irrigation scheduling and systems design; simulation models to support water and agricultural decisions; issues to cope with water scarcity and climate change; advances in water resource quality and sustainable uses; new tools for mapping and use of remote sensing information; and fostering a participative and inclusive governance of water for food security and population welfare. This book brings together a variety of contributions by leading international experts, professionals, and scholars in those diverse fields. It represents a major synthesis and state-of-the-art on various subjects, thus providing a valuable and updated resource for all researchers, professionals, policymakers, and post-graduate students interested in the complex world of the water–agriculture–food nexus.

hysteresis loops --- irrigation systems design --- fuzzy cognitive maps --- Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) --- olive orchard --- Kcb from ground cover --- crop growth --- surface water pollution --- crop water use and evapotranspiration --- measures --- water–energy–food nexus --- water-agriculture-food nexus --- drought classes --- soil temperature --- pressures --- crop water requirements --- Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) --- validation --- latent heat flux --- log-linear modeling --- impact --- Row crops --- dried on the vine --- reform --- Tagus River Basin --- precise land levelling --- regulated deficit irrigation --- Transfer --- relative pressure exceedance --- irrigation district --- evaporation --- Irrigation --- perturbation --- aridity effects --- economic and environmental issues --- water users’ organization --- pressurized irrigation systems --- decision support systems (DSS) --- Pampa biome --- crop yield --- reference evapotranspiration --- DPSIR --- SIMDualKc model --- semi-arid region --- wheat --- calibration --- design of irrigation systems --- Density coefficient --- simulation models --- biomass --- crop transpiration --- groundwater --- direct forcing --- Spain --- satellite observations --- maize yield --- water and salt balance --- soil water balance --- spatial variability --- persistence --- supply–demand balance model --- sustained deficit irrigation --- leaf area index --- evapotranspiration --- eddy covariance --- dry drainage system --- droughts --- Participatory Irrigation Management --- Black soil --- surface irrigation modelling --- drip and basin irrigation --- remote sensing --- crop coefficient curves --- irrigation scheduling --- unsteady flow --- root growth --- North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) --- Sensitive Zones --- soil evaporation --- actual evapotranspiration --- agricultural intensification --- organizational analysis --- policies --- water and land management --- agriculture --- hydrant risk indicator --- evaporative fraction --- local advection --- Fiesta grapes --- Evapotranspiration --- Dual crop coefficients --- Vulnerable Zones --- salinity --- cut-off time --- soil moisture --- irrigation water governance --- nitrogen --- Andalusia --- Corn --- basal crop coefficients --- water balance --- participatory management --- beneficial water use --- soil nutrient --- water users association --- deficit irrigation --- stakeholder engagement --- new technologies --- smartphone application --- drip irrigation --- Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. --- inflow rates --- policy-making --- soil water storage depletion --- on-demand operation

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Cancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide. It is a multifactorial heterogeneous disease characterized by the transformation of normal cells into malignant cells, which acquire an uncontrolled growth, immortality, invasiveness, and ability to form distant metastasis. Natural bioactive molecules may interfere with these processes and inhibit the carcinogenesis process. In this book, new molecules and extracts, mainly derived from plants, have been described as being able to alter tumor cell behavior and target several abnormal molecular pathways in cancer cells. Among different cancer cells, the more studied include those derived from glioblastoma, osteosarcoma, lung, breast and gastric cancer. These natural products could be an attractive source for the development of new preventative and therapeutic agents against cancer. They may be more selective and have weaker adverse effects compared to conventional chemotherapy drugs that are actually used for cancer treatment. Clinical trials are necessary to demonstrate whether the in vitro and in vivo animal data are reproduced in humans before the application of natural products in cancer prevention and treatment.

cytotoxic activity --- NCI-60 cancer cell line --- pristimerin --- Salacia crassifolia --- Celastraceae --- Brazilian Cerrado biome --- Salacia elliptica --- Cheiloclinium cognatum --- Plenckia populnea --- Aspergillus fumigatus --- Cordyceps sinensis --- isochromanes --- chiral resolution --- ECD calculation --- cytotoxicity --- coronarin D --- JNK --- osteosarcoma --- Zeylenone --- gastric cancer --- invasion --- migration --- apoptosis --- anti-cancer agents --- anthraquinones --- glycosyltransferase --- Dendrobium officinale --- structure elucidation --- anti-tumor activity --- plantation mode --- AR --- Ganoderma tsugae --- lipogenesis --- prostate cancer --- SREBP-1 --- ursolic acid --- betulinic acid --- triterpenoids --- necrotic --- quercetin --- quercetagetin --- patuletin --- lichen --- secondary metabolites --- tumidulin --- stemness potential --- colorectal cancer cells --- oncogene --- transcriptional regulation --- neferine --- FAK/S6K1 --- autophagy --- human neuroblastoma cells --- natural yellow Monascus pigments --- water-soluble --- antioxidation --- MCF-7 cells --- phloretin --- cell proliferation --- inflammation --- glucose uptake --- Catalpa speciosa --- Taxus cuspidata --- Magnolia acuminata --- phenols --- antioxidants --- anticancer --- Colocasia esculenta --- food bioactive --- tarin --- stable nanocapsules --- entrapment efficiency --- no-toxicity --- preclinical tests --- antitumoral activity --- chemotherapeutic adjuvant --- grape leaves --- ASE --- TP --- Antioxidant activities --- Antiproliferative --- pro-apoptotic effects --- Gene expression --- Nutraceuticals --- Cucurbitacin B --- gefitinib-resistant NSCLC --- EGFR --- lysosomal degradation --- CIP2A --- zerumbone --- cancer --- NF-κB --- IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 --- Akt --- FOXO1 --- multiple myeloma --- quality control --- naringenin --- flavonoids --- traditional preparation --- cancer stem cells --- phytochemicals --- plant-derived foods --- fruit --- vegetable --- cell signaling --- Artemisia absinthium --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- mitochondrial-dependent pathway --- melanoma --- bee venom --- melittin --- temozolomide --- AKT --- MAPK --- antrodin C --- mTOR --- metabolic stability --- capsazepine --- inflammatory diseases --- ROS --- TRPV1 --- PI3K/AKT/mTOR --- CLE-10 --- LC3 --- MDA-MB-231 --- lactoferrin hydrolysate --- copper --- manganese --- gastric cancer cells --- anti-cancer activity --- molecular mechanism --- natural product alkaloids --- cephalotaxine --- protein synthesis inhibition --- antiproliferation agents --- folk medicine --- DLD-1 cells --- doxorubicin --- chemotherapy --- drug resistance --- CrataBL --- glioblastoma --- mesenchymal stem cells --- microenvironment --- plant lectin --- protease inhibitor --- cryptolepine --- neocryptolepine --- isocryptolepine --- antiproliferative activity --- structure activity relationships --- Licochalcone A --- ATM-Chk2 --- 13-ethylberberine --- mitochondrial ROS --- RT-R breast cancer cells --- diallyl disulfide --- PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway --- Pulsatilla saponin D --- SB365 --- glioblastoma multiforme --- autophagic flux inhibition --- lysosomal membrane permeabilization --- mitochondrial membrane potential --- CLEFMA --- p38 --- proanthocyanins --- TNF-α --- lung adenocarcinoma --- natural compounds --- cervical cancer --- cell cycle arrest --- dicentrine --- metastasis --- glioma --- semi-synthetic derivative --- ingenol --- Euphorbia tirucalli --- protein kinase C --- seaweed --- porphyran --- carrageenan --- anti-cancer --- natural products --- n/a