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The immediate goal of this Special Issue was the characterization of land uses and occupations (LULC) in watersheds and the assessment of impacts caused by anthropogenic activities. The goal was immediate because the ultimate purpose was to help bring disturbed watersheds to a better condition or a utopian sustainable status. The steps followed to attain this objective included publishing studies on the understanding of factors and variables that control hydrology and water quality changes in response to human activities. Following this first step, the Special Issue selected work that described adaption measures capable of improving the watershed condition (water availability and quality), namely LULC conversions (e.g., monocultures into agro-forestry systems). Concerning the LULC measures, however, efficacy was questioned unless supported by public programs that force consumers to participate in concomitant costs, because conversions may be viewed as an environmental service.

flood vulnerability --- land use conflicts --- water management --- soil conservation --- spatial multi-criteria analysis --- geographic information system --- water pollution --- riparian forest --- environmental Law --- anthropogenic catchment --- watershed management --- land use policy --- changes in hydrological components --- effects of human activities --- LUCC --- WRUBAP --- Yiluo River --- SWAT --- water balance components --- Land Use and Land Cover changes --- wildfires --- afforestation --- n/a --- riparian buffer width --- landscape composition --- regression model --- interaction term --- Brazilian Forest Code --- farmland abandonment --- LULC changes --- climate change --- runoff/suspended sediment changes --- river morphology dynamics --- Italian Apennines --- water quality --- landscape metrics --- PLS-SEM --- scale --- season --- distance from pollution sources --- script files --- mean diurnal profile --- wavelet coherence --- groundwater recharge --- water resources management --- Conservative Use Potential --- river basin --- water balance --- lakes --- reservoirs --- Nenjiang watershed --- Landsat --- diurnal thermal profile --- urban tributaries --- wavelet --- covariance --- flow --- water discharge ecosystem services --- payments for environmental services --- land use