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Ascorbic acid is a small, simple, water soluble molecule, synthesised by most plants and animals, with the exception of humans and some animal species due to mutations in the gene encoding the terminal enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway. For humans, it is thus a vitamin (vitamin C) that must be obtained from the diet, with complete deficiency resulting in the fatal disease scurvy. Many functions have been attributed to this fascinating molecule and, despite nearly 90 years of research since its discovery, new roles are still being uncovered, including recent discoveries that it acts as a regulator of epigenetic marks and transcription factors (1). In this volume we begin with a review by Michels and Frei on specific factors that need to be taken into consideration when carrying out vitamin C research. Translational research normally comprises a progression from in vitro/cell culture studies to animal models and finally to clinical trials. At each of these stages, there are requirements specific to vitamin C research that need to be integrated into study designs and this review describes these in detail.

Vitamin C.

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Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, is mainly present in fruits and vegetables. The consumption of such foods is important since the human body does not have the ability to produce this essential micronutrient. Because it is water soluble, it can also easily be lost in cooking and long-term storage. Even though the role of vitamin C has been known since the early 1930s, only recently have researchers been actively studying and demonstrating its role and function in the treatment and prevention of many diseases. These studies will be the key to providing the scientific basis that explains why this simple but important vitamin possesses such a wide range of positive biological activities.

Vitamin C. --- Ascorbic acid --- Hydroxy acids --- Vitamins, Water-soluble --- Biochemistry

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This book highlights recent advances on vitamin C and related topics. The chapters of this book include basic information about vitamin C function, sources and analysis, and radioprotective and antioxidant effect of vitamin C. Also, the anticarcinogenic effect of vitamin C is introduced. Furthermore, we considered the encapsulation technique used in vitamin C preparation. Finally, recent advances in vitamin C transporter are illustrated.

Vitamin C --- Physiological effect. --- Life Sciences --- Vitaminology --- Genetics and Molecular Biology --- Alimentology --- Biochemistry

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Oral, periodontal diseases, chewing disorders, and many destructive inflammatory diseases of the supporting tissues of the teeth are caused by an imbalance between the host defense and environmental factors like bacteria, smoking, and poor nutrition. For these reasons, the focus should not only be on plaque control and removal of bacteria but also on improving host resistance through smoking abstention, stress reduction, and a healthy diet. The importance of micronutrients has been extensively reviewed, and it was concluded that prevention and treatment of periodontitis daily nutrition should include sufficient antioxidants, probiotics, natural agents, vitamin D, and calcium. Regarding antioxidants, vitamin C has attracted the attention of periodontal researchers. To date, there is limited available research investigating the effect of diet supplementation on the oral and periodontal condition.

periodontitis --- Pelargonium sidoides DC root extract --- proanthocyanidins --- bacteriotoxicity --- inflammatory cytokines --- gene expression --- fibroblasts --- macrophages --- leukocytes --- vitamin C --- retinol --- α-carotene --- β-carotene --- β-cryptoxanthin --- γ-tocopherol --- lutein --- zeaxanthin --- lycopene --- ischemic heart disease --- C-reactive protein --- cardiovascular disease --- clinical trial --- dietary supplements --- dental implants --- osseointegration --- vitamin D --- magnesium --- resveratrol --- ascorbic acid --- zinc --- calcium --- bone --- diabetes mellitus --- periodontal disease --- natural agents --- gingivitis --- antioxidants --- vitamins --- oolong tea --- phenolic profile --- salivary microbiota --- 16S rRNA sequencing --- bacterial diversities --- correlation network --- oral diseases --- diet --- nutrients --- nutraceutics --- therapy --- host response

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Most complex respiratory conditions invoke interactions between genetic and environmental factors, such as smoking, pollution, and diet. There is increasing evidence that diet and nutrition are important factors, not only in disease prevention, but also in their contribution to the chronicity and heterogeneity of lung disorders. Nutrients exert potent effects on metabolism through a variety of regulatory mechanisms, resulting in local and systemic changes in metabolite levels. In this issue of Nutrients, we would like to bring together papers dealing with the topic of “Respiratory Diseases and Nutrition”. We welcome manuscripts detailing human and animal studies focused on the roles of dietary and metabolic factors in the initiation and progression of respiratory diseases, including, but not limited to, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. In vitro studies aimed at elucidating the potential molecular mechanisms of diet–metabolic interactions are also invited. We welcome different types of manuscript submissions, including original research articles and up-to-date reviews and commentaries.

antioxidant --- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease --- dietary pattern --- inflammation --- lung function --- Mediterranean diet --- nutrition --- oxidative stress --- polyphenol --- polyunsaturated fatty acid --- black ginseng --- oral administration --- influenza A virus --- cytokines --- antiviral --- lung development --- undernutrition --- lung diseases --- ghrelin --- leptin --- GLP-1 --- retinoids --- cholecalciferol --- fetal growth restriction --- respiratory distress syndrome --- lung transplantation --- body mass index --- body composition --- lean body mass --- muscle mass --- sarcopenia --- creatinine-height index --- obesity --- pregnancy --- allergic airway disease --- offspring --- high fat diet --- omega-3 index --- asthma --- fatty acids --- nutritional biomarkers --- pulmonary hypertension --- microbiota --- vitamin C --- vitamin D --- iron --- diet --- bisphenol A --- estrogen --- xenoestrogens --- para-inflammation --- endocrine --- alarmins --- allergy --- microbiome --- nutrients --- prematurity --- bronchopulmonary dysplasia --- weight loss --- children