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Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most frequently occurring infections, not only community acquired, but also hospital acquired infections. An increase of resistant uropathogens against commonly used antibiotics can be observed worldwide, a subject of great concern.Several strategies are discussed how to cope with this problem:i) not to use antibiotics, when not indicated, e.g. asymptomatic bacteriuria, or when non-antimicrobial measures are available, e.g. for prophylaxis of recurrent UTI;ii) to prefer even old antibiotics, which still have preserved their antibacterial activity against uropathogens;iii) if broad spectrum antibiotics are needed for empiric therapy of severe infections, to use the right and high enough dosages to reduce selection of resistant pathogens, and to step down to a more tailored antibiotic therapy as soon as possible;iv) to control and try to avoid health care associated UTI by optimal hygienic and interventional strategies; and last but not leastv) to stimulate development of new antibiotics, especially when new bacterial targets can be approached.

Epidemiology. --- Urinary tract infections. --- Urinary tract infections --- Urinary Tract Infections --- Anti-Bacterial Agents --- Treatment. --- drug therapy. --- therapeutic use..

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Complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs) are a major cause of hospital admissions and are associated with significant morbidity and health care costs. Knowledge of baseline risk of urinary tract infection can help clinicians make informed diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. Prevalence rates of UTI vary by age, gender, race, and other predisposing risk factors. In this regard, this book provides comprehensive information on etiology, epidemiology, immunology, pathology, pathogenic mechanisms, symptomatology, investigation and management of urinary tract infection. Chapters cover common problems in urinary tract infection and put emphasis on the importance of making a correct clinical decision and choosing the appropriate therapeutic approach. Topics are organized to address all of the major complicated conditions frequently seen in urinary tract infection. The authors have paid particular attention to urological problems like the outcome of patients with vesicoureteric reflux, the factors affecting renal scarring, obstructive uropathy, voiding dysfunction and catheter associated problems. This book will be indispensable for all professionals involved in the medical care of patients with urinary tract infection.

Urinary tract infections. --- Urinary organs --- Communicable diseases --- Infection --- Infections --- Diseases --- Infectious & contagious diseases

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Urinary tract infections (UTI) continue to be under the most common bacterial infections worldwide. Diagnostic and treatment have substantial financial burden on society. In the USA, UTIs are responsible for more than 7 million physician visits annually and about 15% of all community-prescribed antibiotics in the USA are dispensed for UTIs. About 50% of women will experience at least one UTI episode during lifetime, about 1 million emergency department visits due to UTI in the USA alone, resulting in more than 100 000 hospital admissions annually, most often for pyelonephritis. Moreover, UTIs are also the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections, accounting for approximately 40% of all such cases. The majority of these cases are catheter-associated. Therefore, nosocomial UTIs comprise perhaps the largest institutional reservoir for nosocomial antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Beside the economic impact, UTIs affect also significantly the quality of life of the affected population. The aim of this book is to highlight problematic aspects and recent advances in the field of UTIs. The book is divided in three parts.

Urinary tract infections. --- Urinary organs --- Communicable diseases --- Infection --- Infections --- Diseases --- Urology & urogenital medicine

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Over the last few decades, the study of microbial biofilms has been gaining interest among the scientific community. These microbial communities comprise cells adhered to surfaces that are surrounded by a self-produced exopolymeric matrix that protects biofilm cells against different external stresses. Biofilms can have a negative impact on different sectors within society, namely in agriculture, food industries, and veterinary and human health. As a consequence of their metabolic state and matrix protection, biofilm cells are very difficult to tackle with antibiotics or chemical disinfectants. Due to this problem, recent advances in the development of antibiotic alternatives or complementary strategies to prevent or control biofilms have been reported. This book includes different strategies to prevent biofilm formation or to control biofilm development and includes full research articles, reviews, a communication, and a perspective.

antibiofilm --- antimicrobial agent --- bacteria --- fungi --- polymicrobial biofilm --- microalga --- free fatty acids --- encapsulation --- biofilm --- chronic wounds --- host response --- S100A8/A9 --- dental plaque --- quorum sensing --- microbial resistance --- bacterial adhesion --- blocking effect --- hydrodynamics --- parallel plate flow cell --- carbon nanotubes --- poly(dimethylsiloxane) --- adhesion --- Escherichia coli --- Biofilm --- Public Engagement --- Outreach --- Control Strategies --- Oral Biofilm --- TiO2 nanofibers --- electrospinning --- biofilm prevention and control --- multidrug-resistant bacteria --- biomedical application --- biofilms --- biofilm inhibition --- dental implants --- peri-implantitis --- polyether-ether-ketone --- Pseudomonas aeruginosa --- Candida albicans --- mixed-species biofilm analysis --- flow cytometry --- bacteriophage therapy --- prosthesis related infections --- hardware infections --- left ventricular assist devices --- Acinetobacter baumannii --- antibiotic resistance --- antibiotic tolerance --- persister --- intraspecies community --- EPS matrix --- peptide nucleic acid-fluorescence in situ hybridization --- urinary tract infections --- catheter-associated urinary tract infections --- confocal laser scanning microscopy --- recalcitrance --- biofilm control --- Klebsiella pneumoniae --- KPC and OXA-48-like carbapenemases --- Galleria mellonella infection model --- linear oligoethyleneimine hydrochloride --- bacteriophage --- endotracheal tube --- n/a

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Bacterial resistance to known and currently used antibiotics represents a growing issue worldwide. It poses a major problem in the treatment of infectious diseases in general and hospital-acquired infections in particular. This is in part due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in past decades, which led to the selection of highly resistant bacteria and even so-called superbugs – multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Nosocomial infections, particularly, are often caused by MDR bacterial pathogens and the treatment of such infections is very complicated and extensive, often leading to various side effects, including adverse effects on the natural human microbiome. At the same time, the development of novel antibiotics is lagging with very few new ones in the pipeline. Finding viable alternatives to treat such infections may help to overcome these therapeutic issues. This publication brings novel developments in the field of bacterial resistance, mainly in the hospital settings, adequate antibiotic therapy, and identification of compounds useful to battle this growing issue.

VRE --- GIT --- hemato-oncological patients --- clonality --- antibiotic stewardship --- resistance --- consumption of antibiotics --- clonal spread --- Enterococcus faecium --- Enterococcus faecalis --- linezolid resistance --- 23S rRNA --- optrA --- carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae --- carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii --- N-acetylcysteine --- septic shock --- critically ill patients --- newborn --- infection --- bacteria --- antibiotic therapy --- hops --- C. difficile --- rat model --- Staphylococcus aureus --- MRSA --- spa typing --- MLST --- SCCmec typing --- clonal analysis --- epidemiology --- cancer patients --- duration of treatment --- colistin --- propensity score analysis --- multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii --- urinary tract infections --- UTIs --- MDR --- Escherichia coli --- Klebsiella --- uropathogens --- AMR --- antibiotic resistance --- ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae --- urinary tract infection --- clinical impact --- economic impact --- ventilator-associated pneumonia --- Klebsiella spp. --- Escherichia spp. --- pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) --- endogenous infection --- methicillin-resistant --- porcine model --- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) --- long term care facilities (LTCF) --- multidrug resistance (MDR) --- enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) --- ESBL --- PCR --- primer --- antimicrobial resistance --- infection prevention and control --- antimicrobial stewardship --- hospital --- cluster analysis --- principal component analysis