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What is to be learned from the chaotic downfall of the Weimar Republic and the erosion of European liberal statehood in the interwar period vis-a-vis the ongoing Europeancrisis? This book analyses and explains the recurrent emergence of crises in European societies. It asks how previous crises can inform our understanding of the present crisis. The particular perspective advanced is that these crises not only are economic and social crises, but must also be understood as crises of public power, order and authority. In other words, it argues that substantial challenges to the functional and normative setup of democracy and the rule of law were central to the emergence and the unfolding of these crises. The book draws on and adds to the rich 'crises literature' developed within the critical theory tradition to outline a conceptual framework for understanding what societal crises are. The central idea is that societal crises represent a discrepancy between the unfolding of social processes and the institutional frameworks that have been established to normatively stabilize such processes. The crises at issue emerged in periods characterized by strong social, economic and technological transformations as well as situations of political upheaval. As such, the crises represented moments where the existing functional and normative grid of society, as embodied in notions of public order and authority, were severely challenged and in many instances undermined. Seen in this perspective, the book reconstructs how crises unfolded, how they were experienced, and what kind of responses the specific crises in question provoked.

Europe --- Europe. --- Politics and government --- Northern Europe --- Southern Europe --- Western Europe --- Social conflict --- Social conditions. --- Class conflict --- Class struggle --- Conflict, Social --- Social tensions --- Interpersonal conflict --- Social psychology --- Sociology

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The authors in this volume explore the interconnected issues of intergenerational trauma and traumatic memory in societies with a history of collective violence across the globe. Each chapter's discussion offers a critical reflection on historical trauma and its repercussions, and how memory can be used as a basis for dialogue and transformation. The perspectives include, among others: the healing journey of three generations of a family of Holocaust survivors and their dialogue with third generation German students over time; traumatic memories of the British concentration camps in South Africa; reparations and reconciliation in the context of the historical trauma of Aboriginal Australians; and the use of the arts as a strategy of dialogue and transformation.

Violence. --- Social conflict. --- Class conflict --- Class struggle --- Conflict, Social --- Social tensions --- Interpersonal conflict --- Social psychology --- Sociology --- Violent behavior --- Reconciliation --- Social Healing --- Survival --- Psychology --- Experience of Violence --- intergenerational traumatization --- society and trauma

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En las décadas del setenta y del ochenta, se multiplicaron los impactos socio-ambientales de las actividades petroleras, reflejando una crisis de la modernidad, caracterizada por una crisis ecológica, una crisis de la deuda, una crisis de gobernabilidad y una creciente dependencia de los países amazónicos hacia los hidrocarburos. Mientras tanto, se operó una convergencia entre los movimientos transnacionales ecologistas e indígenas, amparados en el derecho internacional, que culminó con la Cumbre de la Tierra en junio de 1992. Producto de estas tendencias, la multiplicación de los conflictos socio-ambientales en la década del noventa llevó a redefinir el papel de los actores (empresas, Estado, pueblos indígenas y ONG ecologistas) y ha obligado a armonizar las políticas públicas petrolera, ambiental e indigenista. En este sentido, más allá de la resolución o el manejo de conflictos, lo que está en juego para estos actores es lograr una redefinición de los modelos de desarrollo, de tal manera que se concilie el desarrollo económico –sinónimo de progreso e industrialización para el Estado y de crecimiento y ganancias para las empresas– con el desarrollo social –sinónimo de mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida para las organizaciones sociales y de respecto por el medio ambiente para las poblaciones indígenas y campesinas. Por lo tanto, el libro no propone una metodología más de resolución de conflictos, sino que, busca aportar nuevas herramientas para el análisis de las condiciones de la gobernabilidad global.

Petroleum industry and trade --- Indians of South America --- Social conflict --- Social aspects --- Environmental aspects --- Politics and government. --- Class conflict --- Class struggle --- Conflict, Social --- Social tensions --- Interpersonal conflict --- Social psychology --- Sociology --- American aborigines --- American Indians --- Indigenous peoples --- Energy industries --- Oil industries --- Ethnology --- écologie --- Equateur --- énergie --- Amazonie --- pétrole --- ethnie --- entreprise multinationale

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"O meticuloso e mundialmente pioneiro trabalho dos pesquisadores que deu origem a esta coletânea revela um fenômeno estrutural: estão aumentando o número e a gravidade dos conflitos ambientais em todo o mundo, principalmente no 'sul global' exportador de commodities. Isso ocorre em razão da explosão dos monocultivos com seus agrotóxicos, da extração de recursos naturais, do transporte de materiais e da produção de rejeitos. Assim, sofrem as populações pobres, indígenas, quilombolas e tantas outras, que perdem seu sustento e sua saúde, e, por isso, mobilizam-se e protestam. Até mesmo a esquerda política mostra-se cada vez menos empenhada em reconhecer a ecologia popular e o movimento global por justiça ambiental. Enquanto isso, o comércio injusto e insustentável continua a gerar inúmeros problemas ambientais, de saúde e violação dos direitos fundamentais. Os inventários e os mapas de conflitos ambientais, como os abordados nesta obra, ajudam, com vigor científico e moral, a dar visibilidade a essa realidade indignante. Mais que isso, mostram a forma como instituições e pesquisadores engajados podem, ao se aliar aos movimentos por justiça e contra o racismo ambiental, contribuir para a construção de um mundo mais solidário, justo e sustentável." Joan Martínez-Alier, professor da Universidade Autônoma de Barcelona e da Faculdade Latino-Americana de Ciências Sociais (Flacso) de Quito/Equador

Environmental justice --- Environmental health --- Social conflict --- Environmental mapping --- Environmental value mapping --- Value mapping, Environmental --- Cartography --- Class conflict --- Class struggle --- Conflict, Social --- Social tensions --- Interpersonal conflict --- Social psychology --- Sociology --- Environmental quality --- Health --- Health ecology --- Public health --- Environmental engineering --- Health risk assessment --- Eco-justice --- Environmental justice movement --- Global environmental justice --- Environmental policy --- Environmentalism --- Social justice --- Health aspects --- Environmental aspects

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Political violence does not end with the last death. A common feature of mass murder has been the attempt at destroying any memory of victims, with the aim of eliminating them from history. Perpetrators seek not only to eliminate a perceived threat, but also to eradicate any possibility of alternate, competing social and national histories. In his timely and important book, Unchopping a Tree, Ernesto Verdeja develops a critical justification for why transitional justice works. He asks, "What is the balance between punishment and forgiveness? And, "What are the stakes in reconciling?"