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A rapid growth in various industries and domestic activities is resulting in a huge amount of wastewater. Various types of wastewaters, such as textile, municipal, dairy, pharmaceutical, swine, and aquaculture, etc., are produced regularly by respective industries. These wastewaters are rich in nutrient content and promote eutrophication in the ecosystem and pose a threat to flora and fauna. According to an estimate, eutrophication causes losses of almost 2 billion US dollars annually, affecting real estate and fishing activities. Treatment of wastewater is a costly process and recently wastewater treatment with simultaneous energy production has received more attention. Microorganisms can be used to recover nutrients from wastewater and produce bioenergy (biodiesel, biohydrogen, bioelectricity, methane, etc.). A better understanding of the composition of various types of wastewaters and the development of technologies like anaerobic digestion (AD), microbial fuel cell (MFC), and microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) can help to make wastewater-based biorefinery a reality. To provide an overall overview to students, teachers, and researchers on wastewater to bioenergy technology ten chapters are included in this book.

effluent --- anaerobic digestion --- incineration --- Co-pyrolysis --- syngas --- biodiesel --- biofuel --- biogas --- MEC --- bio-hydrogen --- manure --- digestion --- cybersecurity --- cybercrime --- legislation --- policy --- systems thinking --- water --- DEA --- regional difference --- energy utilization efficiency --- carbon emission --- cost --- database --- treatment --- wastewater --- Web of Science --- biogas digestion --- hydrogen sulfide --- ferric oxide --- waterworks sludge --- biofilm --- lattice Boltzmann method --- cellular automata --- individual-based model --- chitin --- electricity generation --- halotolerant --- microbial fuel cell --- seafood processing --- microbial electrolysis cells --- chronological development --- wastewater to hydrogen --- scale-up --- life-cycle assessment --- MEC commercialization --- microalgae --- wastewater treatment --- nutrient removal --- n/a

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Scale up and implementation of new point-of-care (POC) diagnostics is a global health priority to enable the adoption of new evidence-based POC diagnostics and to replicate and extend the reach of POC diagnostics. Global private and public sector agencies have significantly increased their investment in the development of POC diagnostics to meet the unmet needs of patients in resource-limited settings, particularly disease burdened settings with limited access to laboratory infrastructure. However, previous research has demonstrated that the availability of health technologies in these settings does not always guarantee patient-centered outcomes. The applicability, effectiveness and sustainability of diagnostic technologies is affected by the involvement of all stakeholders during planning and implementation, which must be relevant to each specific context and sensitive to local culture. Factors such as infrastructure, resources, values and characteristics of participants can influence the implementation, scalability and sustainability of health interventions such as POC diagnostics. This book, “Implementation and Scale up of Point of Care (POC) Diagnostics in Resource-Limited Settings”, presents literature reviews and primary research studies focusing on the implementation and scale up of POC diagnostics in resource-limited settings.

point-of-care-ultrasound --- ultrasound --- implementation --- point of care ultrasound --- augmented reality --- telemedicine --- spatial accessibility --- blood group --- rhesus type --- point-of-care testing --- maternal healthcare --- Upper East Region --- Ghana --- point-of-care ultrasound --- medical education --- syphilis --- maternal mortality --- interrupted time series --- segmented regression analysis --- point-of-care CD4+ t testing --- qualitative survey --- acceptability --- patients --- healthcare providers --- primary healthcare clinics --- HIV self-testing --- scale-up --- key stakeholder --- quality HIV point-of-care-diagnostics --- nominal group technique --- stakeholder engagement --- self-testing --- novel coronavirus disease-19 --- blockchain --- artificial intelligence --- geographical access --- glucose-6-phosphate dioxygenase deficiency --- antenatal care --- upper east region --- schistosomiasis --- barriers to diagnostics --- access to healthcare --- end-user perspectives --- neglected tropical diseases --- Nigeria --- case management --- electronic health information system --- diagnosis --- treatment --- point-of-care --- low and middle income countries --- point-of-care diagnostics --- healthcare services --- COVID-19 era

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This open access book is a collection of 12 case studies capturing decades of experience improving health care and outcomes in low- and middle-income countries. Each case study is written by healthcare managers and providers who have implemented health improvement projects using quality improvement methodology, with analysis from global health experts on the practical application of improvement methods. The book shows how frontline providers in health and social services can identify gaps in care, propose changes to address those gaps, and test the effectiveness of their changes in order to improve health processes and outcomes. The chapters feature cases that provide real-life examples of the challenges, solutions, and benefits of improving healthcare quality and clearly demonstrate for readers what quality improvement looks like in practice: Addressing Behavior Change in Maternal, Neonatal, and Child Health with Quality Improvement and Collaborative Learning Methods in Guatemala Haiti’s National HIV Quality Management Program and the Implementation of an Electronic Medical Record to Drive Improvement in Patient Care Scaling Up a Quality Improvement Initiative: Lessons from Chamba District, India Promoting Rational Use of Antibiotics in the Kyrgyz Republic Strengthening Services for Most Vulnerable Children through Quality Improvement Approaches in a Community Setting: The Case of Bagamoyo District, Tanzania Improving HIV Counselling and Testing in Tuberculosis Service Delivery in Ukraine: Profile of a Pilot Quality Improvement Team and Its Scale‐Up Journey Improving Health Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Case Book will find an engaged audience among healthcare providers and administrators implementing and managing improvement projects at Ministries of Health in low- to middle-income countries. The book also aims to be a useful reference for government donor agencies, their implementing partners, and other high-level decision makers, and can be used as a course text in schools of public health, public policy, medicine, and development. ACKNOWLEDGMENT: This work was conducted under the USAID Applying Science to Strengthen and Improve Systems (ASSIST) Project, USAID Award No. AID-OAA-A-12-00101, which is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). DISCLAIMER: The contents of this book are the sole responsibility of the Editor(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.

Medical care. --- Public health. --- Economic development. --- Health administration. --- Health care management. --- Health services administration. --- Health Services Research. --- Development and Health. --- Health Administration. --- Health Care Management. --- Health administration --- Health care administration --- Health care management --- Health sciences administration --- Health services management --- Medical care --- Health planning --- Public health administration --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Community health --- Health services --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Social hygiene --- Health --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation --- Delivery of health care --- Delivery of medical care --- Health care --- Health care delivery --- Healthcare --- Medical and health care industry --- Medical services --- Personal health services --- Public health --- Administration --- Management --- Health Services Research --- Development and Health --- Health Administration --- Health Care Management --- Health Sciences --- Development Studies --- Health Care --- quality improvement methodology --- improvement science --- health care improvement methods --- case studies --- global health --- public health --- strengthening health systems --- improving health outcomes --- patient-centered care --- low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) --- scale-up initiatives --- healthcare systems --- quality of care --- healthcare access --- sustainability --- facility-level improvement --- community-level improvement --- district/regional-level improvement --- national-level improvement --- open access --- Health systems & services --- Development studies --- Medical administration & management --- Health economics

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Nanomedicine is among the most promising emerging fields that can provide innovative and radical solutions to unmet needs in pharmaceutical formulation development. Encapsulation of active pharmaceutical ingredients within nano-size carriers offers several benefits, namely, protection of the therapeutic agents from degradation, their increased solubility and bioavailability, improved pharmacokinetics, reduced toxicity, enhanced therapeutic efficacy, decreased drug immunogenicity, targeted delivery, and simultaneous imaging and treatment options with a single system.Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) is one of the most commonly used polymers in nanomedicine formulations due to its excellent biocompatibility, tunable degradation characteristics, and high versatility. Furthermore, PLGA is approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in pharmaceutical products. Nanomedicines based on PLGA nanoparticles can offer tremendous opportunities in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of various diseases.This Special Issue aims to focus on the bench-to-bedside development of PLGA nanoparticles including (but not limited to) design, development, physicochemical characterization, scale-up production, efficacy and safety assessment, and biodistribution studies of these nanomedicine formulations.

poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) --- blood–brain barrier (BBB) --- current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) --- Food and Drug Administration (FDA) --- nanotechnology --- PLGA nanoparticles --- neurodegenerative diseases --- drug delivery --- central nervous system --- neuroprotective drugs --- fluorescent labeling --- DiI --- coumarin 6 --- rhodamine 123 --- Cy5.5 --- quantum yield --- brightness --- stability of fluorescent label --- confocal microscopy --- intracellular internalization --- in vivo neuroimaging --- double-emulsion method --- dry powder inhalation --- antigen release --- porous PLGA particles --- microfluidics --- methotrexate --- chitosan --- PLA/PLGA --- sustained release --- micro-implant --- animal model --- minimally invasive --- drug delivery system --- nanoparticles --- poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) --- microfluidic --- pharmacokinetics (PK) and biodistribution --- atorvastatin calcium --- poly(lactide-co-glycolide) --- polymeric nanoparticles --- carrageenan induced inflammation --- anti-inflammatory --- radiolabeled nanoparticles --- nuclear medicine --- photothermal therapy --- phthalocyanine --- SKOVip-kat --- Katushka --- TurboFP635 --- JO-4 --- PLGA --- orthotopic tumors --- 3D culture --- spheroids --- poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) --- nanomedicine --- scale-up manufacturing --- clinical translation --- inline sonication --- tangential flow filtration --- lyophilization --- downstream processing --- H. pylori --- design of experiments --- poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid --- size --- cancer --- chemoimmunotherapy --- immunogenic cell death --- immune checkpoint blockade --- PNA5 glycopeptide --- mas receptor --- angiotensin --- PLGA diblock copolymer --- ester and acid-end capped --- double emulsion solvent evaporation --- biocompatible --- biodegradable --- cardiovascular --- nanoparticle --- solid-state characterization --- in vitro --- drug release kinetics modeling --- PEGylation --- amine --- emulsion --- polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) --- Pluronic triblock copolymer --- trehalose --- sucrose --- Indomethacin --- solvents --- stabilizers --- morphology --- particle-size --- encapsulation --- drug release --- cytotoxicity

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The next healthcare revolution will apply regenerative medicines using human cells and tissues. The aim of the regenerative medicine approach is to create biological therapies or substitutes in vitro for the replacement or restoration of tissue function in vivo lost through failure or disease. However, whilst science has revealed the potential, and early products have shown the power of such therapies, there is an immediate and long-term need for expertise with the necessary skills to face the engineering and life science challenges before the predicted benefits in human healthcare can be realized. Specifically, there is a need for the development of bioprocess technology for the successful transfer of laboratory-based practice of stem cell and tissue culture to the clinic as therapeutics through the application of engineering principles and practices. This Special Issue of Bioengineering on Stem Cell Bioprocessing and Manufacturing addresses the central role in defining the engineering sciences of cell-based therapies, by bringing together contributions from worldwide experts on stem cell biology and engineering, bioreactor design and bioprocess development, scale-up, and manufacturing of stem cell-based therapies.

electrospinning --- live-cell electrospinning --- tissue engineering --- cell seeding --- high voltage --- viability --- allogeneic cell therapy --- induced pluripotent stem cell --- human embryonic stem cell --- cell aggregate --- expansion --- differentiation --- scalable manufacturing --- scale up --- single-use bioreactor --- Vertical-Wheel --- U-shaped vessel --- computational fluid dynamics --- shear stress --- turbulent energy dissipation rates --- homogeneous hydrodynamic environment --- human pluripotent stem cells --- hepatic cell lineages --- hepatocyte differentiation --- non-parenchymal liver cells --- liver organoids --- disease modeling --- drug screening --- olfactory ensheathing cells --- spinal cord injury --- neural regeneration --- cell therapies --- adipose stem cells --- neurotrophic factors --- growth factors --- peripheral nerve injuries --- fibrin nerve conduits --- hydrogels --- stem cells delivery --- axonal regeneration --- Schwann cells --- stromal vascular fraction --- stem cell --- adipose-derived stem cell --- infrapatellar fat pad --- knee --- arthroscopy --- arthrotomy --- bioreactor --- hMSCs --- microcarrier --- bioprocess --- embryonic stem cells --- mesenchymal stromal cells --- blood platelets --- cell culture techniques --- progenitor cells --- human adipose stem cells (hASCs) --- serum- and xeno-free conditions --- UrSuppe stem cell culture medium --- autologous therapy --- kinetic growth modeling --- segregated and unstructured growth model --- model predictive control --- bio-process --- cell growth --- lactate --- advanced therapy medicinal products --- n/a