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During the past few decades, plasma science has witnessed a great growth in laboratory studies, in simulations, and in space. Plasma is the most common phase of ordinary matter in the universe. It is a state in which ionized matter (even as low as 1%) becomes highly electrically conductive. As such, long-range electric and magnetic fields dominate its behavior. Cosmic plasmas are mostly associated with stars, supernovae, pulsars and neutron stars, quasars and active galaxies at the vicinities of black holes (i.e., their jets and accretion disks). Cosmic plasma phenomena can be studied with different methods, such as laboratory experiments, astrophysical observations, and theoretical/computational approaches (i.e., MHD, particle-in-cell simulations, etc.). They exhibit a multitude of complex magnetohydrodynamic behaviors, acceleration, radiation, turbulence, and various instability phenomena. This Special Issue addresses the growing need of the plasma science principles in astrophysics and presents our current understanding of the physics of astrophysical plasmas, their electromagnetic behaviors and properties (e.g., shocks, waves, turbulence, instabilities, collimation, acceleration and radiation), both microscopically and macroscopically. This Special Issue provides a series of state-of-the-art reviews from international experts in the field of cosmic plasmas and electromagnetic phenomena using theoretical approaches, astrophysical observations, laboratory experiments, and state-of-the-art simulation studies.

cosmic ray knee and ankle --- blazars --- numerical methods --- global jets --- MHD–accretion --- muti-messenger astronomy --- massive star supernovae --- galaxies: active --- TBD --- 26Al --- black holes --- accreting black holes --- particle-in-cell simulations --- kink-like instability --- laser-induced nuclear reactions --- magnetic fields --- magneto-hydrodynamics --- gamma-ray bursts --- active galactic nuclei --- accretion discs–jets --- numerical relativity --- plasma physics --- GRMHD --- high-power laser systems --- radio interferometry --- recollimation shocks --- effective lifetime --- multi-wavelength astronomy --- relativistic jets --- high energy astrophysics --- jets --- active galaxies --- relativistic astrophysics --- helical magnetic fields --- laser plasma --- X-ray binaries --- polarization --- the Weibel instability --- AGN --- neutrino astrophysics --- radiation mechanism: non-thermal --- nuclear astrophysics --- cosmic rays --- mushroom instability --- accretion disks --- MHD winds

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This book contains the best and most up-to-date contributions in the field of late stage stellar evolution, as presented at the APNVII conference in Hong Kong in December 2017. A total of 60 scientists from 20 countries gathered to present, listen, interact and discuss the most current issues and problems in planetary nebulae and related objects research. The emphasis of this influential series of meetings, which was the seventh occasion over the last 20 years, has always been on the hypothesized and observed physical shaping mechanisms of the ejected nebulae that have such wonderful and intriguing forms. This special Galaxies conference issue of fully refereed contributions brings together a representative compilation of the meeting presentations in paper form. It captures the current “snap shot” status of this research field in some real sense. Such proceedings are well received and can be used as a reference material by both participants and all others working in the field for years to come.

UIE bands --- stars: binaries --- X-rays --- binary stars --- planetary systems --- abundances --- post-AGB --- normal modes --- theory and observation --- binaries: spectroscopic --- stellar evolution --- binaries: close --- AGB stars --- stars: individual: WD 1751+106 --- displacement vectors --- AGB and post-AGB --- extinction --- circumstellar matter --- stars: individual: WD 2134+25 --- asymptotic giant branch stars --- winds and outflows --- ISM: abundances --- stars: AGB and post-AGB --- late stage stellar evolution --- central stars of planetary nebulae --- ultraviolet radiation --- supernovae --- stellar mass loss --- circumstellar dust --- integral field spectroscopy --- planetary nebulae --- radial velocity --- mass-loss --- pre-PN hydrodynamic models --- infra-red --- planetary nebulae: Common Envelope --- astrochemistry --- dust --- multi-wavelength photometry --- ISM: jets and outflows --- planetary nebulae: individual (OH231+8+04.2) --- radio continuum --- stars: abundances --- shock wave --- stars: individual: WD 0044–121 --- post-AGB stars --- proto-planetary nebulae --- binarity: transients: planetary nebulae --- stars: atmospheres --- stars: variables: general --- AGB and post-AGB stars --- jets --- (sub)millimeter interferometry --- discs --- binarity --- winds --- observations --- mass loss --- X-ray --- stars: winds --- aperture masking --- outflows --- fullerenes --- planetary nebula --- pulsation --- interstellar medium --- planetary nebulae: individual (NGC 6781) --- late-stage stellar evolution --- infrared interferometry --- accretion disks