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Traumatic injury of the spinal cord affects the entire organism directly and indirectly. Primary injury destroys neurons and severs axons which participate in neural circuits. Secondary injuries and pathologies arise from numerous sources including systemic inflammation, consequential damage of cutaneous, muscular, and visceral tissues, and dysregulation of autonomic, endocrine and sensory-motor functions. Evidence is mounting that spinal cord injury (SCI) affects regions of the nervous system spatially remote from the injury site, as well as peripheral tissues, and alters some basic characteristics of primary afferent cell biology and physiology (cell number, size/frequency, electrophysiology, other). The degree of afferent input and processing above the lesion is generally intact, while that in the peri-lesion area is highly variable, though pathologies emerge in both regions, including a variety of pain syndromes. Primary afferent input to spinal regions below the injury and the processing of this information becomes even more important in the face of complete or partial loss of descending input because such spared sensory processing can lead to both adaptive and pathological outcomes. This issue hosts review and research articles considering mechanisms of plasticity of primary afferent neurons and sensory processing after SCI, and how such plasticity contributes to sparing and/or recovery of functions, as well as exacerbation of existing and/or emergent pathologies. A critical issue for the majority of the SCI community is chronic above-, peri-, and below-level neuropathic pain, much of which may arise, at least in part, from plasticity of afferent fibers and nociceptive circuitry. For example, autonomic dysreflexia is common hypertensive syndrome that often develops after SCI that is highly reliant on maladaptive nociceptive sensory input and processing below the lesion. Moreover, the loss of descending input leaves the reflexive components of bladder/bowel/sexual function uncoordinated and susceptible to a variety of effects through afferent fiber plasticity. Finally, proper afferent feedback is vital for the effectiveness of activity-dependent rehabilitative therapies, but aberrant nociceptive input may interfere with these approaches since they are often unchecked due to loss of descending modulation.

Spinal cord. --- Sensory neurons. --- Neurons --- Central nervous system --- sensory systems --- sensory neurons --- sensory plasticity --- spinal cord injury (SCI) --- sensory perceptions

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"A first of its kind to focus on the management of health-care related biotechnology, this text is a resourceful practical guide that assists all healthcare related biotech professionals in their day-to-day activities. The book contains chapters on bioeconomy, biolicensing, biofinance, biopartnering, biodrug research, biomarketing planning, biopromotion, product life cycle management, and biobusiness models, among others. Written by a well-established professional and registered pharmacist, this reference is appropriate for graduate students and industry professionals. It contains over 350 tables and figures and end-of-section problems accompany each chapter. There are also extensive references following each chapter to enhance further study"--Provided by publisher.

Pharmaceutical biotechnology. --- Biotechnology. --- Biotechnology industries. --- Biomedical industries --- High technology industries --- Chemical engineering --- Genetic engineering --- Biopharmaceutical technology --- Drugs --- Biotechnology --- Pharmaceutical technology --- Biopharmaceutics --- Healthcare Management --- BUSINESS/MANAGEMENT --- PHARMACEUTICAL --- BIOSCIENCE --- SCI-TECH --- BIOMEDICALSCIENCE --- INFORMATIONSCIENCE --- STM --- Biodrug Research --- Bioeconomy --- Biolicensing --- Biomanufacturing --- Intellectual Property Management

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The air pollution problem inevitably accompanies our human activities. Severe air pollution situations have been reported, especially in emerging countries, and satisfying the air quality standards fully remains an underlying issue. Today, modeling research is one of the more valuable approaches to understanding the behavior of air pollutants, and is useful for regulation-, policy- and decision-making. Such modeling applications range, with regard to horizontal grid resolution, from a few km (local) to hundreds of km (regional), to thousands of km (global). To foster our current scientific knowledge on modeling potentialities and limitations, scientific research related to multi-scale air pollution modeling is collected in this book.

Urban pollution --- Street canyon --- Nitrate aerosol --- CFD --- Air quality --- open burning --- biomass burning --- sugarcane crops --- environmental assessment --- air quality modeling --- chemical reaction model --- urban canyon --- radiation --- mesoscale models --- reactive pollutants --- Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) --- East Asia --- Tokyo --- SO42– --- stabilized Criegee intermediates (SCI) --- wildfire plume rise --- smoke modeling --- large eddy simulation --- emissions dispersion --- WRF-SFIRE --- RxCADRE --- RePLaT-Chaos --- large-scale atmospheric advection --- chaotic advection --- stretching rate --- escape rate --- education --- CMAQ --- PM10 --- atmospheric reanalysis --- PM2.5 --- PM2.5 components --- three-dimensional chemical transport model --- model inter-comparison --- urban scale --- secondary particles --- WRF-Chem --- visibility --- eastern China --- neural network algorithm --- IMPROVE --- n/a --- SO42 --- -stabilized Criegee intermediates (SCI)

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Tunnelling has become a fragmented process, excessively influenced by lawyers'notions of confrontational contractual bases. This prevents the pooling of skills, essential to the achievement of the promoters' objectives. Tunnelling: Management by Design seeks the reversal of this trend. After a brief historical treatment of selected developments, the concept of design is defined in detail and related to systems and to risk, the central features of this book. A final chapter discusses the failure in 1994 of railway tunnels at Heathrow Airport which well illustrates the expens

Tunneling. --- Tunnels --- Design. --- Design and construction. --- Structural design --- Tunneling --- Earthwork --- Engineering --- Mining engineering --- Rock excavation --- Underground construction --- Excavation --- Design --- Design and construction --- Tunnelling and Underground Engineering --- Mining Construction --- ENG --- CivilEngineering --- SCI-TECH --- STM --- channel --- clay --- concrete --- extension --- jubilee --- line --- london --- project --- rock --- spray

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"It is well-established that the window functions play a vital role in digital signal processing. Sometimes, it becomes critical in selecting the right window for a given application. Major applications areas include digital spectral analysis, design of FIR filters, pulse compression radar, and speech signal processing. This book provides complete information on the discrete time window functions used in digital signal processing. It also gives cues on how to choose a window function for particular applications. Topics covered include spectral analysis, use of windows in digital filtering, application of windows in radar, and ringing artifacts applications of the Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) in speech processing"--

Signal processing --- Digital techniques. --- Digital signal processing --- Digital communications --- Digital electronics --- Computer Engineering --- Digital and Wireless Communication --- Digital Signal Processing --- ENG --- ElectricalEngineering --- SCI-TECH --- COMPUTERSCIENCE --- INFORMATIONSCIENCE --- STM --- digital filtering --- digital signal processing --- radar --- Short Time Fourier Transform --- spectral analysis --- speech processing --- window functions