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Running --- Running races --- Ethnology. --- Social aspects. --- Ethnology --- -Running races --- -#VCV monografie 1999 --- Aerobic exercises --- Animal locomotion --- Human locomotion --- Cultural anthropology --- Ethnography --- Races of man --- Social anthropology --- Anthropology --- Human beings --- Social aspects --- #VCV monografie 1999 --- Foot races --- Footraces --- Races, Running --- Runs (Running races) --- Racing --- Track and field --- Running - Social aspects. --- Running races - Social aspects. --- Running - Social aspects --- Running races - Social aspects --- Coureurs --- Course à pied --- Sports --- Attitudes --- Aspect sociologique

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Successful endurance performance requires the integration of multiple physiological and psychological systems, working together to regulate exercise intensity in a way that will reduce time taken or increase work done. The systems that ultimately limit performance of the task are hotly contested, and may depend on a variety of factors including the type of task, the environment, external influences, training status of the individual and a host of psychological constructs. These factors can be studied in isolation, or inclusively as a whole-body or integrative system. A reductionist approach has traditionally been favoured, leading to a greater understanding and emphasis on muscle and cardiovascular physiology, but the role of the brain and how this integrates multiple systems is gaining momentum. However, these differing approaches may have led to false dichotomy, and now with better understanding of both fields, there is a need to bring these perspectives together. The divergent viewpoints of the limitations to human performance may have partly arisen because of the different exercise models studied. These can broadly be defined as open loop (where a fixed intensity is maintained until task disengagement), or closed loop (where a fixed distance is completed in the fastest time), which may involve whole-body or single-limb exercise. Closed loop exercise allows an analysis of how exercise intensity is self-regulated (i.e. pacing), and thus may better reflect the demands of competitive endurance performance. However, whilst this model can monitor changes in pacing, this is often at the expense of detecting subtle differences in the measured physiological or psychological variables of interest. Open loop exercise solves this issue, but is limited by its more restrictive exercise model. Nonetheless, much can be learnt from both experimental approaches when these constraints are recognised. Indeed, both models appear equally effective in examining changes in performance, and so the researcher should select the exercise model which can most appropriately test the study hypothesis. Given that a multitude of both internal (e.g. muscle fatigue, perception of effort, dietary intervention, pain etc.) and external (e.g. opponents, crowd presence, course topography, extrinsic reward etc.) factors likely contribute to exercise regulation and endurance performance, it may be that both models are required to gain a comprehensive understanding. Consequently, this research topic seeks to bring together papers on endurance performance from a variety of paradigms and exercise models, with the overarching aim of comparing, examining and integrating their findings to better understand how exercise is regulated and how this may (or may not) limit performance.

Training --- Brain --- Cycling --- Exercise --- Triathlon --- Running --- Pacing --- Fatigue --- Muscle --- Performance

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Hydration during physical activity is a key component of both performance and safety. Several factors impact hydration, including, but not limited to: environmental conditions, such as heat and humidity; clothing and cooling strategies; individual fluid losses measured by sweat rate, sweat composition, dietary composition, and nutrition behaviors; and individual attitudes and perceptions of thirst. This Special Issue, “Hydration and Fluid Needs During Physical Activity”, discusses current knowledge and recommendations for assessing, monitoring, and maintaining sufficient hydration during exercise and sport for a diverse range of populations, sports, and conditions. It consists of eleven peer-reviewed papers that cover several aspects relevant to hydration and physical activity.

hydration --- fluid --- carbohydrate --- professional --- soccer --- hydration status --- water–electrolyte balance --- acid–base balance --- fluids osmolarity --- team sports --- nutrition --- women in sport --- heat acclimation --- dehydration --- kidney injury --- performance --- thirst --- drinking --- sweat --- sodium --- hyponatremia --- overhydration --- marathon --- triathlon --- hot temperature --- electrolyte balance --- body temperature regulation --- acclimatization --- ultra-endurance running --- running --- recreational running --- tropical climate --- sweat electrolyte --- fluid replacement --- hydration plan --- euhydration --- children --- urine --- hypohydration --- hyperhydration --- fluid loss --- fluid balance --- total body water --- physical activity --- sweat rate --- fluid consumed --- pathogenic eating behaviors --- American tackle football --- voluntary fluid intake --- thirst perception

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This book contains selected papers from the 9th annual conference of the Hellenic Society of Biochemistry and Physiology of Exercise (2019). Exercise biochemistry and exercise physiology are two closely related sport sciences that examine how muscle activity alters the way our bodies (and those of other animals) function at the levels of molecules, cells, organs, and whole body. Included in the book is original research on biochemical and physiological adaptations of children, adolescents, and adults to exercise training; on the use of biochemical and physiological tests to assess sport performance; and on how exercise can fight disease.

intermittent swimming --- swimming training --- arm stroke rate --- arm stroke length --- validity --- range of motion --- hamstrings --- stretching exercises --- gymnastics --- team sports --- straight leg raise --- youth --- fascicle length --- muscle thickness --- maturation --- musculotendinous junction --- ultrasound --- breast cancer --- chemotherapy --- physical activity --- quality of life --- exercise --- QoL --- treatment --- preadolescence --- child --- post-activation performance enhancement --- sprint --- warm-up --- rate of perceived exertion --- haemoglobin --- diabetes --- fitness --- cardiovascular health --- nutrition --- aerobic fitness --- intermittent exercise --- prepubertal children --- lactate threshold --- continuous swimming --- physiological responses --- biomechanical parameters --- female --- adolescence --- resistance training --- plyometric training --- strength training --- endurance --- aerobic performance --- running economy --- maximal oxygen consumption --- oxygen fractional utilization --- running

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Sport modalities are highly practiced in order to improve many aspects of human beings, including performance and health. The increasing interest in the quantitative and qualitative aspects of sport training is ascribable to the fact that several training systems and new methodologies are appearing in all sport modalities. These methodologies can have different effects on the organism depending on the degree of training.On the other hand, some of the main objectives in sport research are to describe match activity and to detect effective performance indicators. A better knowledge of players' performance adaptations and game dynamics during competition is extremely useful for optimizing the training process. The need to develop training methodologies according to actions occurring during the game is essential for each sport.

hormones --- LH --- testosterone --- cortisol --- insulin --- athletes --- body alignment --- static balance --- dynamic balance --- basketball --- mouthguard --- microalgae --- soccer --- ergogenic --- ventilatory threshold --- racket sports --- technique --- performance analysis --- tactics --- sport --- vision --- performance --- racquet sports --- professional sport --- game actions --- trace mineral --- runners --- overuse injury --- biomechanics --- home-based exercise --- sustainable development --- SWOT-AHP --- physical activities --- public health --- COVID-19 --- intelligent sports --- iliopsoas --- rectus femoris --- mobility --- flexibility --- tennis --- movement --- physical tests --- athletic performance --- youth sports --- females --- football --- NIRS --- muscle oxygen saturation --- workload --- physiological adaptations --- fatigue and sport performance --- technical indicators --- tactical indicators --- paddle tennis --- trail running --- jump --- neuromuscular --- hydration --- sport vision --- social media --- social network analysis --- Altmetric --- padel --- sports competition --- myokines --- BDNF --- leukemia inhibitory factor --- irisin --- n/a --- running --- economic factors --- sport events --- expertise --- inertial sensors --- kinematic analysis --- perception-action coupling --- visual fixation --- pedaling rate --- pedaling frequency --- fatigability --- EMG --- strength --- water sport --- endurance --- origin --- nationality