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This work introduces a family of effective plate theories for multilayered materials with internal misfit. This is done for scaling laws ranging from Kirchhoff's theory to the linearised von Kármán one. An intermediate von Kármán-like theory is introduced to play a central interpolating role with a new parameter which switches between the adjacent regimes. After proving the necessary Gamma-convergence and compactness results, minimising configurations are characterised. Finally, the interpolating theory is numerically approximated using a discrete gradient flow and the relevant Gamma-convergence and compactness results for the discretisation are proved. This provides empirical evidence for the existence of a critical region of the parameter around which minimisers experience a stark qualitative change.

Mathematics. --- Math --- Science --- elastic plates --- effective model hierarchy --- gamma convergence --- non-conforming penalty method --- Kirchhoff

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This book provides a detailed overview of the law and policy related to unlawful killings and the right to life. It is organized into the key thematic issues and types of killings that arose during the mandate of the UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions between 2004-2016. Each chapter contains an introductory overview and selected extracts from UN Special Rapporteur reports to the United Nations General Assembly and the Human Rights Council and other normative work, and covers the applicable international law, policy considerations, and common fact scenarios.Philip Alston held the mandate of United Nations Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions between 2004 and 2010; Christof Heyns did so from 2010 to 2016. This book was created to provide easy access to the work of the Special Rapporteurs, and to be a useful guide for those studying and working to promote respect for human rights. The book was edited by the two rapporteurs, together with their main advisors during their tenure as mandate holders, Sarah Knuckey and Thomas Probert.

Unlawful Killings --- Use of Force by Law Enforcement Officials --- Identity-Based Killings --- Killings by Non-State Actors --- The Death Penalty

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En quel sens peut-on dire que le petit livre de Beccaria, Des délits et des peines (1764), apparaît comme un geste de rupture ? La question intéresse notre modernité : en quel sens peut-on dire que ce livre est la source de notre droit pénal ?Le problème est abordé dans cet ouvrage à partir du constat suivant : dans l’Europe des Lumières, le livre de Beccaria a aussitôt été perçu comme un moment de seuil ou de passage. C’est donc en remontant à ses sources et en éclairant sa diffusion immédiate que les contributions rassemblées ici tentent d’évaluer sa nouveauté. Codification juridique, présomption d’innocence, laïcité du droit pénal, abolition de la peine de mort : comment Beccaria recueille-t-il un héritage tout en bouleversant un champ de discussions et de débats ?Œuvre singulière, aussi fulgurante par son style que par ses répercussions, Des délits et des peines apparaît comme un observatoire privilégié pour mieux comprendre la crise culturelle de la fin de l’Ancien Régime et la naissance de la culture contemporaine.

History of the law --- Legal theory and methods. Philosophy of law --- Beccaria, Cesare --- Criminal law --- Criminal justice, Administration of --- Punishment --- Law --- Philosophy --- History --- Beccaria, Cesare, --- Criminal law - Philosophy --- Criminal justice, Administration of - Europe - History - 18th century --- Punishment - Europe - History - 18th century --- Law - Philosophy --- Beccaria, Cesare, - marchese di, - 1738-1794. - Dei delitti e delle pene --- Criminology & Penology --- Literature (General) --- Beccaria --- Lumières --- histoire du droit pénal --- peine de mort --- économie politique --- Enlightenment --- history of criminal law --- death penalty --- political economy

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Symmetry and complexity are the focus of a selection of outstanding papers, ranging from pure Mathematics and Physics to Computer Science and Engineering applications. This collection is based around fundamental problems arising from different fields, but all of them have the same task, i.e. breaking the complexity by the symmetry. In particular, in this Issue, there is an interesting paper dealing with circular multilevel systems in the frequency domain, where the analysis in the frequency domain gives a simple view of the system. Searching for symmetry in fractional oscillators or the analysis of symmetrical nanotubes are also some important contributions to this Special Issue. More papers, dealing with intelligent prognostics of degradation trajectories for rotating machinery in engineering applications or the analysis of Laplacian spectra for categorical product networks, show how this subject is interdisciplinary, i.e. ranging from theory to applications. In particular, the papers by Lee, based on the dynamics of trapped solitary waves for special differential equations, demonstrate how theory can help us to handle a practical problem. In this collection of papers, although encompassing various different fields, particular attention has been paid to the common task wherein the complexity is being broken by the search for symmetry.

fractional differential equations --- fractional oscillations (vibrations) --- fractional dynamical systems --- nonlinear dynamical systems --- harmonic wavelet --- filtering --- multilevel system --- forced Korteweg-de Vries equation --- trapped solitary wave solutions --- numerical stability --- two bumps or holes --- finite difference method --- Laplacian spectra --- categorical product --- Kirchhoff index --- global mean-first passage time --- spanning tree --- degradation trajectories prognostic --- asymmetric penalty sparse decomposition (APSD) --- rolling bearings --- wavelet neural network (WNN) --- recursive least squares (RLS) --- health indicators --- first multiple Zagreb index --- second multiple Zagreb index, hyper-Zagreb index --- Zagreb polynomials --- Nanotubes

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Before 1988 and the road construction that led to the archaeological operation presented in this book, the site of Paule was considered as just one earthen enclosure among others in Brittany. Then, from the first excavations, its unique nature was revealed: sculptures, monumental enclosures, and numerous potsherds quickly enabled its identification as an aristocratic residence. Twenty years of research have since uncovered six centuries of continuous occupation across nearly 10 hectares. From the farm’s original founding, circa 550 BC, until the site was abandoned circa 15 BC (soon after the Conquest), the reader is invited to follow—in a simple and lively and manner at the scale of human lives—the adaptations of a landed aristocratic family to their environment. Agricultural, defensive and storage needs, along with budding artisanal activities, modeled the buildings and spatial distribution of the site through time. The central family unit gradually detached from its dependents, who were relegated to a peripheral enclosure, as it attracted a population from surrounding areas that it would encompass within a vast fortification. The research methods employed in this work are those of Classical Archaeology, whose quality here lies in their coherence. Yves Menez, whose research at Paul was corroborated by a Ph.D. from the Sorbonne University, chose to venture beyond an interrogation based on complete and objective documentation of the site. Drawing from his double education in archaeology and engineering, he chose to embark on a broader historical and anthropological endeavor, integrating the phenomena involved in the transformations of a broader region. At each stage, he asked “why,” thus delving into the social structure, significance of the family and lineage, and the development of institutions. Abundant color illustrations enhance the written presentation of the archaeological remains, including reconstructions based on a digital field model. Finally, the English translation of the figure legends and detailed summaries of each chapter enable international readers clear access to the descriptions, arguments, and interpretations.

Dwellings, Prehistoric --- Iron age --- Aristocracy (Social class) --- Human settlements --- Excavations (Archaeology) --- Côtes-d'Armor (France) --- Antiquities, Celtic. --- Archaeology --- nécropole --- France --- Bretagne --- sculpture --- habitat --- aristocratie --- métallurgie --- maison --- stockage --- céramique --- enceinte --- bois --- citerne --- puits --- textile --- amphore --- rempart --- enclos --- second âge du Fer --- grenier --- souterrain --- outillage lithique --- talus --- tour --- porte --- grange --- lieu de culte --- outillage métallique --- gra --- Peine de mort --- Capital punishment --- Women murderers --- Histoire --- History --- 1900-1999 --- Ireland --- Catholic Church. --- Ireland. --- Magdalen Laundries. --- Mother and Baby Homes. --- criminal insanity. --- death penalty. --- infanticide. --- punishment. --- sentencing. --- women's prisons.