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Planting trees in the agricultural landscape, in the form of establishing agroforestry systems, has a significant role to play in potentially improving ecosystem services, such as increased biodiversity, reduced soil erosion, increased soil carbon storage, improved food security and nutrition, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. While the role of trees in agroforestry systems in improving ecosystem services has been researched, studies in new systems/regions and new agroforestry system designs are still emerging. This Special Issue includes selected papers presented at the 4th World Congress on Agroforestry, Montpellier, France 20–22 May 2019, and other volunteer papers. The scope of articles includes all aspects of agroforestry systems.

farmers’ knowledge --- ahannon-wiener index --- economic benefits --- alley cropping --- lignin --- shelterbelts --- agroforestry --- natural capital --- forest farming --- nutrient content --- agroforestry system --- review --- Amazonia --- cropland --- riparian buffers --- climate change --- subtropical acidic forest soil --- bees --- phosphorus --- pollination --- 15N tracing experiment --- stable isotope --- West Java --- interspecific competition --- growth form --- cropping system --- climate change mitigation --- gross N transformation rates --- East Africa --- improved-fallow --- N-fixing trees --- carbon sequestration --- home garden --- margalef index --- windbreaks --- leaf nutrient diagnosis --- agroforestry systems --- pollinators --- sorption --- forestland --- China --- temperature change --- fractionation --- hedgerows --- native trees --- slash-and-mulch --- soil N --- shade tree species --- soil C --- Alpinia oxyphylla --- sustainable management --- plant water use --- rubber-based agroforestry system --- ecosystem services --- Indonesia

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Both climate change and air pollution have large negative impacts on physiological processes and functions at the individual tree level and on whole forest ecosystems. The objective of climate change and air quality monitoring is to make decisions, based on scientific knowledge, regarding how to best manage and improve the current state of the environment. Our ability to take urgent measures to combat climate change and its impact on forest ecosystems and conserve forest biodiversity depends upon our knowledge of the latest scientific results on the status of forest ecosystems. Unfortunately, there are a lot of gaps in our knowledge of the detection and monitoring of their effects on forest ecosystems. This book presents relevant results from scientific research in the fields of climate change, air pollution, forest conservation, protection and monitoring that can contribute to a better science–policy interaction and to the elaboration of specific strategies, in accordance with the areas of forest sciences from IUFRO RG 8.04.00 - Impacts of air pollution and climate change on forest ecosystems.

silver fir --- radial growth --- wood characteristics --- drought response --- climate change --- current annual increment --- percentage volume increment --- basal area --- tree diameter --- tree form-height --- air pollution --- increment cores --- Norway spruce --- radial growth series --- gas exchange --- ecosystem restoration --- mountain forests --- photosynthesis --- diagnostic assessment --- forest ecosystem --- reference information --- restoration plan --- biodiversity --- forests --- valuing ecosystem services --- policy making --- SWAT --- hydrological model --- sensitivity analysis --- calibration --- validation --- small forested watershed --- temperate forests --- climate change effects --- Southern Carpathian forest management --- forest growth --- forest biomass --- virgin forests --- ecosystem services --- natural capital --- socio-economic system --- ecological indicators --- terrestrial laser scanning --- aerial laser scanning --- LANDIS-II --- PnET --- Southern Carpathians --- production --- species composition --- species abundance --- Romanian temperate forests --- n/a