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Nematodes are one of the most important pests globally and can cause up to 14% loss of food crops. In total, nematodes cause over USD 100 billion in global crop damage annually. To date, only a few thousand PPN species have been described. Nematode identification has traditionally relied on morphological and anatomical characters using light microscopy and, in some cases, scanning electron microscopy (SCN). Lately, integrative studies combining molecular diagnosis with morphology and taxonomy have been used to accurately identify and describe nematode species. Detailed analyses of morphological and molecular data have both significantly contributed to our overall understanding of the dynamic and complex nature of plant-nematode interactions. This book includes eleven chapters that cover different aspects of nematology research, from classical morphology and taxonomy to DNA analysis and phylogeny. It also includes very useful information on the rapid detection of plant-parasitic nematodes.

Plant nematodes.

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

flatworm --- nematodes --- genomics --- helminths --- neglected diseases

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Soil fauna plays a significant role at all trophic levels of the soil food web and regulates processes that are crucial for soil functioning, such as nutrient cycling, immobilization and/or degradation of toxic compounds, formation of soil structure, greenhouse gas emissions and C turnover. Although soil fauna is not thought to contribute significantly to soil respiration during litter or soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition, the diversity of soil fauna has been found to strongly influence SOM distribution and dynamics. Yet, the functional contribution of soil fauna to many soil processes is not well understood due to methodological limitations and the high complexity of interactions at various spatiotemporal scales. In general, soil fauna has received far less scientific attention than bacteria and fungi (and lately archaea) in soil studies and has been regularly ignored in global biogeochemical models, with maybe exceptions for some earthworms. However, recent studies are raising the awareness of the influence of soil fauna on ecosystems dynamics. For instance, earthworms have been found to be major players in N2O emissions from soils. They exert a strong influence on C stabilization, and they promote the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Less studied, ants and termites have been found to increase crop productivity in drylands, and different lifeforms of Collembola have been shown to impact microorganisms in various ways over time, thereby potentially affecting C and N cycles within farming systems. The influence of soil fauna indeed manifests over a broad ranges of spatiotemporal scales. For example, some effect such as aggregate formation may cumulate over time and finally contribute to the formation of whole soil profiles, which serve as a framework for other soil processes such as water movement, decomposition, etc. Meanwhile, soil biodiversity is impacted by an increasing human pressure through deforestation, agriculture intensification, habitat fragmentation or climate change (increasing temperatures, extreme weather events), which leads to soil biodiversity loss, in particular of soil fauna, with associated consequences on soil functioning and resilience.

protists --- nematodes --- earthworms --- macroarthropods --- microarthropods --- soil functions --- soil structure --- biogeochemical cycles --- greenhouse gas --- C sequestration --- soil alterations --- soil stability --- resilience

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Nematology being an established discipline covers a wide range of area ranging from basic aspect to the advanced and applied aspects involving recent advances in molecular techniques. This book discusses the following topics: the role of nematodes in our life (in agriculture, ecosystem functioning, experimental biology, ecological studies, pest management programs, or biocontrol), identification of GRSPs in nematode genomes, novel way for the diagnosis of pathogenic nematodes involving various recent molecular techniques, other methodologies for successful control of termites, evolution of plant-parasitic nematodes, viability of adult filarial nematode parasites, the impact of plant-parasitic nematodes on crops, and harnessing useful rhizosphere microorganisms for nematode control. The book also encompasses on classical study, molecular study, bioinformatics in nematology, biodiversity analysis, and culturing of nematodes in laboratory condition.

Nematodes. --- Eelworms --- Nemas --- Nemata --- Nemates --- Nematoda --- Nematoidea --- Round worms --- Roundworm --- Roundworms --- Thread worms --- Threadworms --- Bilateria --- Worms --- Life Sciences --- Microbiology --- Genetics and Molecular Biology --- Nematology --- Biochemistry

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Sedimentary habitats cover the vast majority of the ocean floor and constitute the largest ecosystem on Earth. These systems supply fundamental services to human beings, such as food production and nutrient recycling. It is well known that meiofauna are an abundant and ubiquitous component of sediments, even though their biodiversity and importance in marine ecosystem functioning remain to be fully investigated. In this book, the meiofaunal biodiversity trends in marine habitats worldwide are documented, along with the collection of empirical evidence on their role in ecosystem services, such as the production, consumption, and decomposition of organic matter, and energy transfer to higher and lower trophic levels. Meiofaunal activities, like feeding and bioturbation, induce changes in several physico-chemical and biological properties of sediments, and might increase the resilience of the benthic ecosystem processes that are essential for the supply of ecosystem goods and services required by humans. As a key component of marine habitats, the taxonomical and functional aspects of the meiofaunal community are also used for the ecological assessment of the sediments’ quality status, providing important information on the anthropogenic impact of benthos.

benthos --- biodiversity --- key --- meiofauna --- taxonomy --- species richness --- β-diversity --- biological traits --- tropical --- marine --- freshwater --- Caribbean --- huntermaniidae --- cletodidae --- rhizotrichidae --- Nannopus --- Monstrillidae --- Monstrillopsis paradoxa sp. nov. --- Monstrillopsis planifrons --- morphological taxonomy --- tagmosis --- male genitalia --- pore pattern --- male/female matching --- marine invertebrate host --- semi-parasitic --- Korea --- free-living marine nematodes --- pictorial key --- macrofauna --- associated fauna --- biological substrate --- species diversity --- community ecology --- benthic ecology --- gastrotricha --- South America --- South Hemisphere --- nuclear genes --- ABGD --- BINs --- DNA barcoding --- mPTP --- dam impact --- estuary --- heavy metals --- free-living nematodes --- density --- diversity --- benthic foraminifera --- checklist --- Kuwait --- Arabian Gulf --- North Adriatic Sea --- trophic status --- prokaryotes --- ecosystem functioning --- sea turtles --- loggerheads --- marine biodiversity --- epibionts --- Florida --- Gulf of Mexico --- meiofauna paradox --- nematodes --- Nematoda --- hotspots --- phoresis --- epibiosis --- ciliophora --- suctorea --- nematoda --- ecology --- new species --- bioindicators