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Boron is a chemical element with three valence electrons for forming covalent bonds, resulting in many compounds. Doping/integration of boron atoms into other atoms provides new wonder materials with unique physical, chemical, and electrical properties. This book provides an overview of the research and developments of boron-based materials such as boron nitride, boron clusters, boron doping, boron compounds, and so on. Chapters cover all aspects of boron-based materials including theoretical backgrounds of structure and properties, computer simulation, synthesis techniques, device fabrication, characterizations, and current state-of-the-art applications.

Metallurgy. --- Physical metallurgy.

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Electromagnetic field-assisted sintering techniques have increasingly attracted attention of scientists and technologists. Spark-plasma sintering (SPS) and other field-assisted powder consolidation approaches provide remarkable capabilities to the processing of materials into configurations previously unattainable. Of particular significance is the possibility of using very fast heating rates, which, coupled with the field-assisted mass transport, stand behind the purported ability to achieve high densities during consolidation and to maintain the nanostructure of consolidated materials via these techniques. Potentially, SPS and related technologies have many significant advantages over the conventional powder processing methods, including the lower process temperature, the shorter holding time, dramatically improved properties of sintered products, low manufacturing costs, and environmental friendliness.

Powder metallurgy.

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Vacuum electron devices at frequencies of millimeter waves and terahertz play highly important roles in the modern high-data rate and broadband communication systems, high-resolution detection and imaging, medical diagnostics, magnetically confined nuclear fusion, etc. For the fast motion velocity of electrons in the vacuum medium, they have the advantages of high power and high efficiency, as well as compactness, compared with other present radiation sources, such as solid-state devices.We established the Special Issue of "High-Frequency Vacuum Electron Devices" with the aim of enhancing the exchange of research information on the theory, design, simulation, processes, and development of these devices to promote their applications, and to attract young researchers and engineers starting out in this important field, which is still vital on the basis of modern electronic science and information technology.

Vacuum metallurgy. --- Vacuum metallurgy --- Technological innovations. --- History.

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Metals have always played a significant role in human life, and the current global growth and prosperity are directly dependent on these materials. With the rapidly growing global demand for metals, their extraction from natural minerals (as their primary sources) has been enhanced, causing a significant reduction in the grade and quality of the ores in ore deposits and leading to the production of huge amounts of waste, which requires management. In light of this, new proposals to develop more advanced metal recovery technologies from minerals are needed. Additionally, the huge quantity of waste generated through all steps of metal production is known to be a source of environmental pollution, while its valorization can create value via recycling metals or even though use in the production of other valuable materials. Such waste valorization is also in line with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as well as the implementation of the Paris Agreement. In this regard, the recycling of end-user products in order to reproduce valuable metals can also create significant value and reduce mining activities, and thus, their harmful consequences worldwide. Therefore, research and development in the state-of-the-art technologies for the recovery and recycling of metals are absolutely necessary. The aim of this Special Issue was to collect a range of articles on different aspects of valuable metal recovery and recycling from primary and secondary sources, as well as to decipher all new methods, processes, and knowledge in valuable metal production. We hope that this open access Special Issue will provide a great opportunity to demonstrate the work of researchers working in this area all around the world and help to provide new ideas for researchers who are working in the areas of hydrometallurgy, mineral processing, and waste recycling and valorization.

Metals. --- Metallurgy --- Waste disposal.

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Während der archäologischen Grabungskampagnen der Universität Basel von 2009 – 2010 auf dem Drapham-Dzong in Bhutan, kamen innerhalb der mächtigen Klosterburg aus dem 15. oder 16. Jh. AD Eisenschlackenfragmente zum Vorschein. Zudem fand sich im Bambusdschungel des nahegelegenen Weilers Nag Lhakhang ein Verhüttungsplatz, eine grosse Schlackenhalde und eine Plattform, die möglicherweise als Köhlerplatz angesprochen werden könnte. Es stellte sich die Frage, ob die Eisenverhüttung in Zusammenhang mit dem Reichtum der Burg stand.

Bhutan --- archaeology --- metallurgy --- survey --- Himalaya