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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

multiparametric MRI --- synthetic CT (sCT) --- deep learning --- MR Linac --- radiomics analysis

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Despite the tremendous growth in the field of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidenced in the initial phases of its development in the early twentieth century, scientific focus has shifted in recent years toward the study of physiology and pathophysiology that span the spatial scales of the molecule, cell, tissue, and organ. Intensified research activities over the past 15 years have justified efforts toward molecular and cellular imaging, dual-modality imaging systems, real-time acquisitions, dedicated image processing techniques and applications, and the critical evaluation of their potential translational value for use in the clinic. The integrative focus on molecular-cellular-tissue-organ function and dysfunction has taken a primary role in modern, personalized medicine, and it is envisaged to continue to do so, as accumulated knowledge from basic and clinical science work continues to elucidate molecular, cellular, and physiological/pathophysiological pathways and mechanisms. In this scientific effort, MRI continues to play a critical and synergistic role from the perspectives of basic science, diagnosis, and clinical interventional/therapeutic approaches. Within the realm of the current role of MRI in modern medicine, this book summarizes state-of-the-art direct and derived MRI methodologies and approaches as applied toward the assessment of cellular and organ function and dysfunction. The contributions in this effort are not excessive but few, comprehensive, and distinguished and of high quality. The topic areas can be generalized to find applications in other scientific areas and span both brain and cardiac applications, extending interest to wider audiences.

Magnetic resonance imaging. --- Clinical magnetic resonance imaging --- Diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging --- Functional magnetic resonance imaging --- Imaging, Magnetic resonance --- Medical magnetic resonance imaging --- MR imaging --- MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) --- NMR imaging --- Nuclear magnetic resonance --- Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging --- Cross-sectional imaging --- Diagnostic imaging --- Diagnostic use --- Medicine --- Diagnostics --- Radiology Diagnosis --- Health Sciences

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Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a unique tool to probe the biochemistry in vivo providing metabolic information non-invasively. Applications using MRS has been found over a broad spectrum in investigating the underlying structures of compounds as well as in determining disease states. In this book, topics of MRS both relevant to the clinic and also those that are beyond the clinical arena are covered. The book consists of two sections. The first section is entitled 'MRS inside the clinic' and is focused on clinical applications of MRS while the second section is entitled 'MRS beyond the clinic' and discusses applications of MRS in other academic fields. Our hope is that through this book, readers can understand the broad applications that NMR and MRS can offer and also that there are enough references to guide the readers for further study in this important topic.

Magnetic resonance imaging. --- Clinical magnetic resonance imaging --- Diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging --- Functional magnetic resonance imaging --- Imaging, Magnetic resonance --- Medical magnetic resonance imaging --- MR imaging --- MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) --- NMR imaging --- Nuclear magnetic resonance --- Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging --- Cross-sectional imaging --- Diagnostic imaging --- Diagnostic use --- Medicine --- Diagnostics --- Radiology Diagnosis --- Health Sciences

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Magnetic resonance imaging. --- Clinical magnetic resonance imaging --- Diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging --- Functional magnetic resonance imaging --- Imaging, Magnetic resonance --- Medical magnetic resonance imaging --- MR imaging --- MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) --- NMR imaging --- Nuclear magnetic resonance --- Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging --- Cross-sectional imaging --- Diagnostic imaging --- Diagnostic use

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Biomedical image processing is an interdisciplinary field involving a variety of disciplines, e.g., electronics, computer science, physics, mathematics, physiology, and medicine. Several imaging techniques have been developed, providing many approaches to the study of the human body. Biomedical image processing is finding an increasing number of important applications in, for example, the study of the internal structure or function of an organ and the diagnosis or treatment of a disease. If associated with classification methods, it can support the development of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems, which could help medical doctors in refining their clinical picture.

MR brain segmentation --- fuzzy clustering --- object extraction --- silhouette analysis --- DICOM processing --- 3D modeling --- semantic segmentation --- convolutional neural networks --- kidney biopsy --- kidney transplantation --- glomerulus detection --- glomerulosclerosis --- pattern recognition --- hemoglobin --- anemia --- human tissues --- conjunctiva --- non-invasive medical device --- training size --- deep learning --- convolutional neural network --- U-Net --- segmentation --- artificial intelligence --- digital pathology --- kidney fibrosis --- blood vessel segmentation --- inferior vena cava --- ultrasound imaging --- binary tree model --- pulsatility --- fluid volume assessment --- n/a