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This Book of Toxins comprises 11 original contributions and one review. New findings regarding presence of mycotoxins in aromatic and medicinal plants, mango and orange juice, juices, pulps, jams, and beer, from Morocco, Pakistan, and Portugal are reported. In these studies, innovative techniques to study their presence has been developed, including liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry to analyse mycotoxins and conjugated mycotoxins. Novel strategies to detect mycotoxin presence and comparisons the characteristics of a rapid quantitative analysis of different mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, patulin, sterigmatocystin, and zearalenone) are also presented using acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterases and photobacterial strains of luminescent cells. Additionally, toxicological effects of zearalenone metabolites and beauvericin on SH-SY5Y neuronal cells are presented. One important point in the control of mycotoxins is related to decontaminated strategies, and in this sense the efficacy of potentially probiotic fruit-derived Lactobacillus isolates in removing aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is presented. Other mycotoxin decontaminated techniques included in this book are electron beam irradiation (EBI) and degradation of zearalenone and ochratoxin A using ozone. Finally, a review that summarizes the newly discovered macrocyclic trichothecenes and their bioactivities over the last decade is included.The evaluation of the presence of mycotoxins in different matrices is achieved through different analytical tools (including quantitative or qualitative determinations). Studies of mycotoxin isolation, using chromatographyc equipment coupled to spectrometry detectors (QTrap-MS/MS, MS/MS tandem, QTOF-MS/MS), are the most useful tools to control their presence. All these studies represent key steps in the establishment of the limits of detection, limits of quantification, points of identification, accuracy, reproducibility, and repeatability of different procedures. The maximum permitted or recommended levels for mycotoxins in different matrices are within a wide range (including the levels tolerated by infants and animals). In addition, decontaminated strategies, as well as control and evaluation of exposure, are demanded by authorities and food safety systems.

patulin --- mango --- orange --- fruit-derived products --- food safety --- regulatory limits --- chitosan --- mycotoxins --- detoxification --- LC-MS/MS --- optimization --- Destruxins --- Bombyx mori --- BmArgRS --- BmLamin-C --- RNA helicase --- binding protein --- ozone --- electron beam irradiation --- degradation --- zearalenone --- ochratoxin A --- SH-SY5Y cells --- zearalenone derivates --- beauvericin --- MTT --- qTOF–MS/MS --- beer --- immunoaffinity clean-up --- LC-FD --- human risk assessment --- Enniatin B1 --- biomonitoring --- in vivo --- metabolomics --- high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) --- macrocyclic trichothecenes --- bioactivities --- putative biosynthetic pathway --- macrocycle formation --- entomopathogens --- mycoinsecticides --- secondary metabolites --- insect pathogenesis --- acetamiprid accumulation --- aflatoxin M1 --- Lactobacillus --- probiotics --- binding --- bioluminescent bacteria --- immobilized cells --- cholinesterase-based analysis --- analytical characteristics --- enzymatic detoxification --- co-occurrence --- Q-TOF-LC/MS --- exposure --- Morocco --- n/a --- qTOF-MS/MS

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Food, by nature, is a biological substrate and is therefore capable of supporting the growth of microbials that are potential producers of toxic compounds. Among them mycotoxins, marine biotoxins, plant toxins, cyanogenic glycosides, and toxins occurring in poisonous mushrooms pose not only a risk to both human and animal health but also impact food security and nutrition by reducing people’s access to healthy food. This book collects some of the recent key improvements of analytical methodologies for the detection of natural toxins and their metabolites in food, and highlights the challenges yet to be resolved. Special emphasis is given to emerging or less-investigated toxins, to provide the scientific community with new tools and/or data supporting a better understanding of related food safety issues.

citreoviridin --- antibody --- immunoassay --- rice --- amatoxins --- amanitins --- monoclonal antibodies --- ELISA --- death cap mushrooms --- LC-MS --- pyrrolizidine alkaloid --- honey --- Parsonsia straminea --- lycopsamine --- indicine --- Heliotropium amplexicaule --- two dimensional layered nanomaterials --- electrochemical biosensors --- microbial toxin detection --- antibodies --- aptamers --- lateral flow immunoassay --- point-of-care --- mushroom poisoning --- oleandrin --- LC-MS/MS --- plant toxins --- validation --- herbs --- urine --- Aflatoxin M1 --- milk --- strip test immunoassay --- method validation --- CBA-N2a --- standardization --- matrix effects --- absorbance data --- ciguatoxins --- brevetoxins --- saxitoxins --- biological sample --- seafood safety --- n/a

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At present, cyanobacteria and their toxins (also known as cyanotoxins) constitute a major threat for freshwater resources worldwide. Cyanotoxin occurrence in water bodies around the globe is constantly increasing, whereas emerging, less studied or completely new variants and congeners of various chemical classes of cyanotoxins, as well as their degradation/transformation products are often detected. In addition to planctic cyanobacteria, benthic cyanobacteria, in many cases, appear to be important toxin producers, although far less studied and more difficult to manage and control. This Special Issue highlights novel research results on the structural diversity of cyanotoxins from planktic and benthic cyanobacteria, as well as on their expanding global geographical spread in freshwaters.

Meiktila Lake --- Raphidiopsis --- Microcystis --- cylindrospermopsin --- deoxycylindrospermopsin --- microcystin --- cyanobacteria --- cyanopeptides --- harmful bloom --- liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry --- global natural product social networking (GNPS) --- dereplication strategy --- earthquakes --- harmful algal blooms --- sediment --- sediment cores --- co-occurrence --- toxicity --- plastics --- metals --- biocide --- anatoxin-a --- dihydroanatoxin-a --- Tychonema --- neurotoxicosis --- cyanotoxins --- macrophytes --- benthic --- tychoplanktic --- reservoir --- Maumee Bay --- Sandusky Bay --- Planktothrix --- anatoxin --- cyanotoxin detection --- harmful cyanobacterial blooms --- next-generation biomonitoring --- real-time PCR --- qPCR --- LC-MS/MS --- saxitoxin --- ESI-LC-MS/MS --- 16S rRNA phylogeny --- Azores --- eutrophication --- long term monitoring --- water quality --- microcystins --- anabaenopeptins --- microginins --- aeruginosins --- aeruginosamide --- SPE --- Lake Vegoritis --- deep-chlorophyll layers (DCLs) --- cyanobacterial toxins --- allelopathy --- bioactive metabolites --- hypoxia --- Georgian Bay --- peptide --- NRPS --- anabaenopeptin --- Synechococcus --- temperate lakes --- cyanotoxins (CTs) --- microcystins (MCs) --- volatile organic compounds (VOCs) --- taste and odor (T&O) compounds --- SPE-LC-MS/MS --- HS-SPME-GC/MS --- LC–qTRAP MS/MS --- fragmentation spectra --- structure elucidation --- cyanobacterial metabolites --- Greek freshwaters --- planktonic cyanobacteria --- blooms --- monitoring --- analysis --- mass spectrometry --- Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) --- fish tissue --- shellfish --- detection methods --- n/a --- LC-qTRAP MS/MS

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Metabolomics is increasingly being used to explore the dynamic responses of living systems in biochemical research. The complexity of the metabolome is outstanding, requiring the use of complementary analytical platforms and methods for its quantitative or qualitative profiling. In alignment with the selected analytical approach and the study aim, sample collection and preparation are critical steps that must be carefully selected and optimized to generate high-quality metabolomic data. This book showcases some of the most recent developments in the field of sample preparation for metabolomics studies. Novel technologies presented include electromembrane extraction of polar metabolites from plasma samples and guidelines for the preparation of biospecimens for the analysis with high-resolution μ magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HR-μMAS NMR). In the following chapters, the spotlight is on sample preparation approaches that have been optimized for diverse bioanalytical applications, including the analysis of cell lines, bacteria, single spheroids, extracellular vesicles, human milk, plant natural products and forest trees.

metabolomics --- sample preparation --- hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography --- ion mobility spectrometry --- high resolution mass spectrometry --- design of experiments --- AMOPLS --- metabonomics --- metabolic profiling --- NMR --- nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy --- cell line --- human cell line --- MiaPaCa-2 --- Panc-1 --- AsPC-1 --- extracellular vesicles --- exosomes --- microvesicles --- biomarkers --- diagnostics --- metabolic pathways --- plant metabolomics --- forestry --- trees --- mass spectrometry --- metabolite extraction --- GC-MS --- LC-MS --- metadata standardization --- databases --- multicellular tumor spheroids --- metallodrugs --- oxaliplatin --- KP1339 --- method development --- IT-139 --- 20% FCS --- harvesting --- extraction --- metabolites --- normalization --- electromembrane extraction --- cardiovascular disease --- multi-segment injection --- capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry --- liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry --- plant natural products --- drug discovery --- liquid chromatography --- gas chromatography --- human milk --- metabolome --- sampling --- liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) --- nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) --- gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) --- capillary electrophoresis—mass spectrometry (CE-MS) --- high-resolution magic angle spinning --- microscopic samples --- lipidomics --- LC-MS/MS --- human plasma

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The characterization of peptides and proteins is central to understanding their function and expression in biological matrices. Moreover, these macromolecules are important biomarkers of many human diseases. In recent years, the performance of separation techniques based on electromigration have significantly increased. The development of microdevices has reduced sample consumption and waste production while high-sensitivity detectors, such as mass spectrometry (MS) or laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), have significantly improved with regards to separation efficiency and detection limits. All of these advancements have led to appreciably enlarged fields of application. Nowadays, a multitude of studies using separation techniques based on electromigration to study proteins and peptides from numerous real matrices are available in the literature. This Special Issue covers the most recent knowledge and advances in the study of peptides and proteins using several electrophoresis techniques, as well as the characterization of relevant proteins and peptides in application areas such as clinical studies, functional foods, and toxicology.

seed phosphoproteomics --- LC-ESI-MS --- purity --- transferrin --- CE-LIF --- enzyme assay --- thioglucosidase --- capillary electrophoresis --- venom composition --- immunoassay --- fluorescence --- seed proteomics --- SEC-HPLC --- desulfo-sinigrin --- metalloproteins --- seed quality traits --- seed glycoproteomics --- proteomics --- sulfatase --- on-gel detection --- non-covalent binding --- Naja ashei --- myrosinase --- SDS-PAGE --- carbon dots --- 2-D electrophoresis --- fragment --- rhIL-12 --- seed molecular breeding --- chip-based CE-LIF assay