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Over the past few decades, exciting developments have taken place in the field of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). This has been enabled by the advent of robust Fourier transform interferometers and diode array solutions, coupled with complex chemometric methods that can easily be executed using modern microprocessors. The present edited volume intends to cover recent developments in NIRS and provide a broad perspective of some of the challenges that characterize the field. The volume comprises six chapters overall and covers several sectors. The target audience for this book includes engineers, practitioners, and researchers involved in NIRS system design and utilization in different applications. We believe that they will greatly benefit from the timely and accurate information provided in this work.

Near infrared spectroscopy. --- Near infrared spectrometry --- Near infrared spectrophotometry --- NIR spectroscopy --- Spectrometry, Near infrared --- Spectrophotometry, Near infrared --- Infrared spectroscopy --- Physical Sciences --- Engineering and Technology --- Chemistry --- Analytical Chemistry --- Spectrometry

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

cognitive functions --- working memory --- BCI (Brain Computer Interface) --- EEG --- fNIRS (functional near infrared spectroscopy) --- Cognitive Processes

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Conservation. Restoration --- Spectrometric and optical chemical analysis --- fysicochemie --- Art --- Infrared spectroscopy --- Infra-red spectrometry --- Infrared spectrometry --- Spectrometry, Infrared --- Spectroscopy, Infrared --- Optical spectroscopy --- Art, Occidental --- Art, Visual --- Art, Western (Western countries) --- Arts, Fine --- Arts, Visual --- Fine arts --- Iconography --- Occidental art --- Visual arts --- Western art (Western countries) --- Arts --- Aesthetics --- Expertising --- Methodology --- Art, Primitive --- Infrared spectroscopy.

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In this EBook, we highlight how newly emerging techniques for non-invasive manipulation of the human brain, combined with simultaneous recordings of neural activity, contribute to the understanding of brain functions and neural dynamics in humans. A growing body of evidence indicates that the neural dynamics (e.g., oscillations, synchrony) are important in mediating information processing and networking for various functions in the human brain. Most of previous studies on human brain dynamics, however, show correlative relationships between brain functions and patterns of neural dynamics measured by imaging methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In contrast, manipulative approaches by non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) have been developed and extensively used. These approaches include transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electric stimulation (tES) such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), alternating current stimulation (tACS), and random noise stimulation (tRNS), which can directly manipulate neural dynamics in the intact human brain. Although the neural-correlate approach is a strong tool, we think that manipulative approaches have far greater potential to show causal roles of neural dynamics in human brain functions. There have been technical challenges with using manipulative methods together with imaging methods. However, thanks to recent technical developments, it has become possible to use combined methods such as TMS–EEG coregistration. We can now directly measure and manipulate neural dynamics and analyze functional consequences to show causal roles of neural dynamics in various brain functions. Moreover, these combined methods can probe brain excitability, plasticity and cortical networking associated with information processing in the intact human brain. The contributors to this EBook have succeeded in showcasing cutting-edge studies and demonstrate the huge impact of their approaches on many areas in human neuroscience and clinical applications.

non-invasive brain stimulation NIBS --- TMS-EEG --- Transcranial magnetic stimulation TMS --- transcranial electric stimulation tES --- Coregistration --- Near-infrared spectroscopy NIRS --- Functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI --- transcranial direct current stimulation tDCS --- transcranial alternating current stimulation tACS --- transcranial random noise stimulation tRNS

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The purpose of this SI is to provide an overview of recent advances made in the methods used for tissue imaging and characterization, which benefit from using a large range of optical wavelengths. Guerouah et al. has contributed a profound study of the responses of the adult human brain to breath-holding challenges based on hyperspectral near-infrared spectroscopy (hNIRS). Lange et al. contributed a timely and comprehensive review of the features and biomedical and clinical applications of supercontinuum laser sources. Blaney et al. reported the development of a calibration-free hNIRS system that can measure the absolute and broadband absorption and scattering spectra of turbid media. Slooter et al. studied the utility of measuring multiple tissue parameters simultaneously using four optical techniques operating at different wavelengths of light—optical coherence tomography (1300 nm), sidestream darkfield microscopy (530 nm), laser speckle contrast imaging (785 nm), and fluorescence angiography (~800 nm)—in the gastric conduit during esophagectomy. Caredda et al. showed the feasibility of accurately quantifying the oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin and cytochrome-c-oxidase responses to neuronal activation and obtaining spatial maps of these responses using a setup consisting of a white light source and a hyperspectral or standard RGB camera. It is interest for the developers and potential users of clinical brain and tissue optical monitors, and for researchers studying brain physiology and functional brain activity.

hemodynamic brain mapping --- metabolic brain mapping --- Monte Carlo simulations --- intraoperative imaging --- optical imaging --- hyperspectral imaging --- RGB imaging --- fluorescence imaging --- fluorescence angiography --- indocyanine green (ICG) --- optical coherence tomography (OCT) --- laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) --- esophagectomy --- gastric conduit --- Sidestream Darkfield Microscopy (SDF) --- multispectral --- broadband diffuse reflectance spectroscopy --- frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy --- dual-slope --- absorption spectra --- supercontinuum laser --- NIRS --- tissue optics --- diffuse optics --- near-infrared spectroscopy --- brain --- BOLD signal --- breath-holding --- cytochrome C oxidase --- n/a