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Das Urheberrecht ist als absolutes Ausschließlichkeitsrecht ausgestaltet, d. h. für jede rechtmäßige Nutzung durch Dritte ist die Zustimmung des Urhebers notwendig. Dafür hat sich im Urheberrecht der Begriff Opt-In etabliert. Der Autor vergleicht vier Regelungsmodelle, die dieses Grundkonzept auf den Kopf stellen und es Begünstigten erlauben, urheberrechtlich geschützte Werke ohne vorherige Zustimmung zu nutzen, solange der Rechtsinhaber dieser Nutzung nicht widerspricht. Derartige Konzepte werden als Opt-Out-Modelle bezeichnet. Zugleich binden die Modelle Elemente der kollektiven Verwertung und insbesondere Verwertungsgesellschaften ein. Der Autor untersucht diese Modelle umfassend und vergleicht sie. Schließlich beantwortet der Autor die Frage, ob die verschiedenen Modelle verallgemeinerungsfähig sind, sodass Opt-In zugunsten Opt-Out verdrängt werden könnte.

Industrial property --- Intellectual property

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Shaping markets through competition and economic regulation is at the heart of addressing the development challenges facing countries in southern Africa. The contributors to Competition Law and Economic Regulation: Addressing Market Power in southern Africa critically assess the efficacy of the competition and economic regulation frameworks, including the impact of a number of the regional competition authorities in a range of sectors throughout southern Africa. Featuring academics as well as practitioners in the field, the book addresses issues common to southern African countries, where markets are small and concentrated, with particularly high barriers to entry, and where the resources to enforce legislation against anti-competitive conduct are limited. What is needed, the contributors argue, is an understanding of competition and regional integration as part of an inclusive growth agenda for Africa. By examining competition and regulation in a single framework, and viewing this within the southern African experience, this volume adds new perspectives to the global competition literature. It is an essential reference tool and will be of great interest to policymakers and regulators, as well as the rapidly growing ecosystem of legal practitioners and economists engaged in the field.

Antitrust law. --- Antitrust law --- Competition, Unfair --- Competition --- Competition law --- Fair trade --- Unfair competition --- Unfair trade practices --- Anti-trust law --- Trusts, Industrial --- Law and legislation --- Law --- Commercial crimes --- Commercial law --- Industrial property --- Torts --- Advertising laws --- Trade regulation --- E-books

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Patents. --- Technological innovations. --- Breakthroughs, Technological --- Innovations, Industrial --- Innovations, Technological --- Technical innovations --- Technological breakthroughs --- Technological change --- Creative ability in technology --- Inventions --- Domestication of technology --- Innovation relay centers --- Research, Industrial --- Technology transfer --- Industrial property --- Intangible property

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Standard-setting is an essential tool for promoting innovation, competition and resulting in benefits to consumers and businesses. However, due to the fact, that standards are usually protected by standard-essential patents (SEPs), standard-setting may obstruct the access to the standardized technology and create entry barriers into the market for those, who do not own SEPs. The afore-described events cause tension between the owners and the users of SEPs. In order to keep the balance between the afore-specified parties, standard-setting organizations (SSPs) come into play by requiring SEPs owners to license these patents on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms. Nevertheless, the latter attempt quite often results in costly and time-consuming litigation, because the parties are not able to agree what kind of terms are FRAND. Such situation inevitably impedes the implementation of the standardized technology into industries and calls for a re-consideration of the role of SSOs during the process of standardization and after the standard is set. In this work, the possible role of SSOs while improving the access for the users to the standardized technology will be discussed.

Patent licenses. --- Patent laws and legislation. --- Law, Patent --- Patents --- Scientific property --- Industrial laws and legislation --- Industrial property --- Trade regulation --- Copyright --- Licenses (Patents) --- Foreign licensing agreements --- License agreements --- Patent assignments --- Patent laws and legislation --- Law and legislation --- Licenses --- Markenrecht --- Urheberrecht / Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und Medienrecht --- SSPs --- Standard-Essential Patents --- FRAND --- Normungsorganisation --- Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz

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Die Entwicklung neuer Medikamente und deren Verbesserungen sind entscheidend, um deutliche Fortschritte in der Gesundheitsversorgung zu gewährleisten. Der Entwicklungsprozess ist lang und teuer, insbesondere der Aufwand,der betrieben werden muss,, um den hohen Regulierungsanforderungen gerecht zu werden. Im Gegensatz dazu verursacht die Nachahmung von Medikamenten vernachlässigbare Kosten und birgt deutlich weniger Risiken. Dies ist einer der Gründe, warum der Patentschutz für die die pharmazeutische Industrie von so großer Bedeutung ist. Trotz des bestehenden Patentsystems i

Drugs --- Drug development. --- Patent laws and legislation. --- Law and legislation. --- Law, Patent --- Patents --- Scientific property --- Industrial laws and legislation --- Industrial property --- Trade regulation --- Copyright --- Development of drugs --- New drug development --- Pharmacology --- Pharmacy --- Drug control --- Pharmaceutical industry --- Pharmaceutical policy --- Public health laws --- Law and legislation --- Development --- Laws and legislation --- Markenrecht --- Urheberrecht / Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und Medienrecht --- Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz